数学之美与浪潮之巅

刺骨的言语ヽ痛彻心扉 2021-11-10 06:32 508阅读 0赞

转载自吴军博士的网站：http://jun.wu.googlepages.com/  
两个非常有名系列文章：“ [数学之美][Link 1] ”与“ [浪潮之巅][Link 2] ”。不懂计算机的人也可以从中学到不少。

[Beauty of Mathematics][Link 1]

数学之美

(Written in Chinese)

I am writing a serial of essays introducing the applications of math in natural language processing, speech

recognition and web search etc for non-technical readers . Here are the links

0. [Page Rank][] ( 网页排名算法 )

1. [Language Models (][Language Models][统计语言模型)][Language Models]

2. [Chinese word segmentation][] ([谈谈中文分词][Chinese word segmentation])

3. [Hidden Markov Model and its application in natural language processing (隐含马尔可夫模型)][Hidden Markov Model and its application in natural language processing]

4. [Entropy - the measurement of information (][Entropy - the measurement of information][怎样度量信息?)][Entropy - the measurement of information]

5. [Boolean algebra and search engine index][] (简单之美：布尔代数和搜索引擎的索引)

6. [Graph theory and web crawler][] (图论和网络爬虫 Web Crawlers)

7. [Information theory and its applications in NLP (][Information theory and its applications in NLP]信息论在信息处理中的应用[)][Information theory and its applications in NLP]

8. [Fred Jelinek and modern speech and language processing][] ([贾里尼克的故事和现代语言处理][Fred Jelinek and modern speech and language processing])

9. [how to measure the similarity between queries and web pages.][] (如何确定网页和查询的相关性)

10. [Finite state machine and local search][] (有限状态机和地址识别)

11. [Amit Singhal: AK-47 Maker in Google (][Amit Singhal_ AK-47 Maker in Google][Google 阿卡 47 的制造者阿米特.辛格博士)][Amit Singhal_ AK-47 Maker in Google]

12. [The Law of Cosines and news classification][] (余弦定理和新闻的分类)

13. [Fingerprint of information and its applications (信息指纹及其应用)][Fingerprint of information and its applications]

14. [The importance of precise mathematical modeling (谈谈数学模型的重要性)][The importance of precise mathematical modeling]

15. [The perfectionism and simplism 繁与简 自然语言处理的几位精英][The perfectionism and simplism _]

16. [Don't put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles][Don_t put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles] [不要把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里 -- 谈谈最大熵模型(A)][Don_t put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles]

17. [Don't put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles][Don_t put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles 1][不要把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里 -- 谈谈最大熵模型][Don_t put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles 1][(B)][B]

18. [闪光的不一定是金子 谈谈搜索引擎作弊问题(Search Engine Anti-SPAM)][_Search Engine Anti-SPAM]

19. [Matrix operation and Text classification 矩阵运算和文本处理中的分类问题][Matrix operation and Text classification]

20. [The Godfather of NLP - MItch Marcus 自然语言处理的教父 马库斯][The Godfather of NLP - MItch Marcus _]

21. [The extension of HMM, Bayesian Networks 马尔可夫链的扩展 贝叶斯网络][The extension of HMM_ Bayesian Networks _]

22. [The principle of cryptography 由电视剧《暗算》所想到的 — 谈谈密码学的数学原理][The principle of cryptography _ _]

23. [How many keys need we type to input a Chinese character 输入一个汉字需要敲多少个键 — 谈谈香农第一定律][How many keys need we type to input a Chinese character _ _]

# [浪潮之巅（On Top of Tides）][Link 1] #

作者： [吴军][Link 3]

近一百多年来，总有一些公司很幸运地、有意识或者无意识地站在技术革命的浪尖之上。一旦处在了那个位置，即使不做任何事，也可以随着波浪顺顺当当地向前漂个十年甚至更长的时间。在这十几年间，它们代表着科技的浪潮，直到下一波浪潮的来临。  
  
从 一百年前算起，AT&T 公司、IBM 公司、苹果公司 (Apple)、英特尔 (Intel) 公司、微软 (Microsoft) 公司、思科公司 (Cisco) 公司、雅虎 (Yahoo) 公司和谷歌 (Google) 公司都先后被幸运地推到了浪尖。虽然，它们来自不同的领域，中间有些已经衰落或者正在衰落，但是它们都极度辉煌过。它们都曾经是全球性的帝国，统治着自己 所在的产业。  
  
这些公司里面大大小小的人在外人看来都是时代的幸运儿。因为，虽然对于一个公司来讲，赶上一次浪潮不能保证它长盛不衰；但 是，对于一个人来讲，一生赶上这样一次浪潮就足够了。对于一个弄潮的年轻人来讲，最幸运的莫过于赶上一波大潮。要预测未来是很难的，但是看看过去和现在， 我们也许能悟出一些道理。我愿意借谷歌黑板报的空间，将我这些年来看到的和听到的人和事拿出来与大家分享。我会谈一谈我对每次浪潮的看法，对上述每个公司 的看法，以及对其中关键人物的认识。在极度商业化的今天，科技的进步和商机是分不开的。因此，我也要提到间接影响到科技浪潮的风险投资公司，诸如 KPCB 和红杉风投 (Sequoia) 以及百年来为科技捧场的投资银行，例如高盛 (Goldman Sachs) 等等。

### 第一章 — [帝国的余辉（AT&T)][AT_T] ###

### 第二章 — [蓝色巨人（IBM）][IBM] ###

### 第三章 — [“水果”公司的复兴 （乔布斯和苹果公司）][Link 4] ###

### 第四章 — [计算机工业的生态链][Link 5] ###

### 第五章 — [奔腾的芯（英特尔—Intel）][Intel] ###

### 第六章 -- [IT业的罗马帝国 （微软 - Microsoft)][IT_ _ - Microsoft] ###

### 第七章 -- [互联网的金门大桥（思科 - Cisco）][- Cisco] ###

### 第八章 -- [英名不朽（杨致远、费罗和雅虎公司）][Link 6] ###

### 第九章-- [硅谷的见证人（惠普公司）][Link 7] ###

### 第十章 -- [没落的贵族—摩托罗拉][Link 8] ###

### 第十一章 -- [硅谷的另一面][Link 9] ###

### 第十二章 -- [短暂的春秋——与机会失之交臂的公司][Link 10] ###

### 第十三章 -- [**幕后的英雄风险投资（Venture Capital）**][Venture Capital] ###

### 第十四章 -- **[信息产业的规律性][Link 11]** ###

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/wangshide/articles/2218388.html

[Link 1]: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_538f46f70100b42g.html#SinaEditor_Temp_FontName
[Link 2]: http://jun.wu.googlepages.com/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE%E4%B9%8B%E5%B7%85
[Page Rank]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/02/page-rank-google.html
[Language Models]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/04/blog-post.html
[Chinese word segmentation]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/04/blog-post_10.html
[Hidden Markov Model and its application in natural language processing]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/04/blog-post_17.html
[Entropy - the measurement of information]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/04/4.html
[Boolean algebra and search engine index]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/05/blog-post_10.html
[Graph theory and web crawler]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/05/web-crawlers.html
[Information theory and its applications in NLP]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/05/blog-post_25.html
[Fred Jelinek and modern speech and language processing]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/06/blog-post_08.html
[how to measure the similarity between queries and web pages.]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/06/blog-post_27.html
[Finite state machine and local search]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/07/blog-post.html
[Amit Singhal_ AK-47 Maker in Google]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/07/google-47.html
[The Law of Cosines and news classification]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/07/12.html
[Fingerprint of information and its applications]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/08/blog-post.html
[The importance of precise mathematical modeling]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/08/blog-post_09.html
[The perfectionism and simplism _]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/08/blog-post_115634657041368311.html
[Don_t put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/10/blog-post.html
[Don_t put all of your eggs in one basket - Maximum Entropy Principles 1]: http://jun.wu.googlepages.com/
[B]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/11/blog-post.html
[_Search Engine Anti-SPAM]: http://googlechinablog.com/2006/11/search-engine-anti-spam.html
[Matrix operation and Text classification]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/01/blog-post.html
[The Godfather of NLP - MItch Marcus _]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/04/blog-post_13.html
[The extension of HMM_ Bayesian Networks _]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/01/bayesian-networks.html
[The principle of cryptography _ _]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/09/blog-post_13.html
[How many keys need we type to input a Chinese character _ _]: http://www.googlechinablog.com/2007/12/blog-post.html
[Link 3]: http://jun.wu.googlepages.com/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%89%88%E8%AF%B7%E6%8C%89%E8%BF%99%E9%87%8C
[AT_T]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/07/at.html
[IBM]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/08/ibm.html
[Link 4]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/08/blog-post_29.html
[Link 5]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/10/blog-post_10.html
[Intel]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/10/intel.html
[IT_ _ - Microsoft]: http://jun.wu.googlepages.com/it%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF-microsoft%29
[- Cisco]: http://googlechinablog.com/2007/12/blog-post_13.html
[Link 6]: http://jun.wu.googlepages.com/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%9D%A8%E8%87%B4%E8%BF%9C%E3%80%81%E8%B4%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%92%8C%E9%9B%85%E8%99%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%89
[Link 7]: http://googlechinablog.com/2008/02/blog-post_22.html
[Link 8]: http://googlechinablog.com/2008/03/blog-post_21.html
[Link 9]: http://googlechinablog.com/2008/06/blog-post_17.html
[Link 10]: http://googlechinablog.com/2008/07/blog-post_22.html
[Venture Capital]: http://googlechinablog.com/2008/09/venture-capital.html
[Link 11]: http://googlechinablog.com/2008/11/blog-post.html