Use PlantUML to write the Sequence Diagram

淩亂°似流年 2023-10-15 17:12 156阅读 0赞

### Sequence Diagram ###

### Basic examples ###

The sequence `->` is used to draw a message between two participants. Participants do not have to be explicitly declared.

To have a dotted arrow, you use `-->`

It is also possible to use `<-` and `<--`. That does not change the drawing, but may improve readability. Note that this is only true for sequence diagrams, rules are different for the other diagrams.

@startuml
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response
    
    Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request
    Alice <-- Bob: Another authentication Response
    @enduml

![b831d68f3182aa4bab67173ac199935e.png][]

### Declaring participant ###

If the keyword `participant` is used to declare a participant, more control on that participant is possible.

The order of declaration will be the (default) **order of display**.

Using these other keywords to declare participants will **change the shape** of the participant representation:

*  `actor`
 *  `boundary`
 *  `control`
 *  `entity`
 *  `database`
 *  `collections`
 *  `queue`

@startuml
    participant Participant as Foo
    actor       Actor       as Foo1
    boundary    Boundary    as Foo2
    control     Control     as Foo3
    entity      Entity      as Foo4
    database    Database    as Foo5
    collections Collections as Foo6
    queue       Queue       as Foo7
    Foo -> Foo1 : To actor 
    Foo -> Foo2 : To boundary
    Foo -> Foo3 : To control
    Foo -> Foo4 : To entity
    Foo -> Foo5 : To database
    Foo -> Foo6 : To collections
    Foo -> Foo7: To queue
    @enduml

![f07db6b21c4bf4c9af4bebbd4717b536.png][]

Rename a participant using the `as` keyword.

You can also change the background [color][] of actor or participant.

@startuml
    actor Bob #red
    ' The only difference between actor
    'and participant is the drawing
    participant Alice
    participant "I have a really\nlong name" as L #99FF99
    /' You can also declare:
       participant L as "I have a really\nlong name"  #99FF99
      '/
    
    Alice->Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob->Alice: Authentication Response
    Bob->L: Log transaction
    @enduml

![2a96aa83ce8220f342ac9f81bc23f463.png][]

You can use the `order` keyword to customize the display order of participants.

@startuml
    participant Last order 30
    participant Middle order 20
    participant First order 10
    @enduml

![9ca0606b0e33969e1eaf390cf574854f.png][]

### Declaring participant on multiline ###

You can declare participant on multi-line.

@startuml
    participant Participant [
        =Title
        ----
        ""SubTitle""
    ]
    
    participant Bob
    
    Participant -> Bob
    @enduml

![8d41f22705ad7d932f0c88fec10d04c6.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-15232][]\]*

### Use non-letters in participants ###

You can use quotes to define participants. And you can use the `as` keyword to give an alias to those participants.

@startuml
    Alice -> "Bob()" : Hello
    "Bob()" -> "This is very\nlong" as Long
    ' You can also declare:
    ' "Bob()" -> Long as "This is very\nlong"
    Long --> "Bob()" : ok
    @enduml

![accd30354bdce28658914a07f424d89d.png][]

### Message to Self ###

A participant can send a message to itself.

It is also possible to have multi-line using `\n`.

@startuml
    Alice -> Alice: This is a signal to self.\nIt also demonstrates\nmultiline \ntext
    @enduml

![f917ff6339576215769fa4eb8d81ff76.png][]

@startuml
    Alice <- Alice: This is a signal to self.\nIt also demonstrates\nmultiline \ntext
    @enduml

![a711c96d5e1f75ac7cda7226e9a96aaa.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-1361][]\]*

### Text alignment ###

Text alignment on arrows can be set to `left`, `right` or `center` using `skinparam sequenceMessageAlign`.

You can also use `direction` or `reverseDirection` to align text depending on arrow direction. Further details and examples of this are available on the [skinparam][] page.

@startuml
    skinparam sequenceMessageAlign right
    Bob -> Alice : Request
    Alice -> Bob : Response
    @enduml

![5b0867d8eb9fd8a4d68348c9c75ac9f2.png][]

#### Text of response message below the arrow ####

You can put the text of the response message below the arrow, with the `skinparam responseMessageBelowArrow true` command.

@startuml
    skinparam responseMessageBelowArrow true
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> Bob : ok
    @enduml

![05d54ed05783cb9fdd3efcca160c189b.png][]

### Change arrow style ###

You can change arrow style by several ways:

*  add a final `x` to denote a lost message
 *  use `\` or `/` instead of `<` or `>` to have only the bottom or top part of the arrow
 *  repeat the arrow head (for example, `>>` or `//`) head to have a thin drawing
 *  use `--` instead of `-` to have a dotted arrow
 *  add a final "o" at arrow head
 *  use bidirectional arrow `<->`

@startuml
    Bob ->x Alice
    Bob -> Alice
    Bob ->> Alice
    Bob -\ Alice
    Bob \\- Alice
    Bob //-- Alice
    
    Bob ->o Alice
    Bob o\\-- Alice
    
    Bob <-> Alice
    Bob <->o Alice
    @enduml

![761c67b55eb3d6eef27f4138ec05cdf2.png][]

### Change arrow color ###

You can change the color of individual arrows using the following notation:

@startuml
    Bob -[#red]> Alice : hello
    Alice -[#0000FF]->Bob : ok
    @enduml

![9c8fc4634e1ca71d87bab690edac8a0c.png][]

### Message sequence numbering ###

The keyword `autonumber` is used to automatically add an incrementing number to messages.

@startuml
    autonumber
    Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response
    @enduml

![f8af28505906359d50e8270b4e268a1b.png][]

You can specify a startnumber with `autonumber <start>` , and also an increment with `autonumber <start> <increment>`.

@startuml
    autonumber
    Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response
    
    autonumber 15
    Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response
    
    autonumber 40 10
    Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![b619fac8ada27649117ef217c8b705ca.png][]

You can specify a format for your number by using between double-quote.

The formatting is done with the Java class `DecimalFormat` (`0` means digit, `#` means digit and zero if absent).

You can use some html tag in the format.

@startuml
    autonumber "<b>[000]"
    Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response
    
    autonumber 15 "<b>(<u>##</u>)"
    Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response
    
    autonumber 40 10 "<font color=red><b>Message 0  "
    Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![7865686623957566154fde0218a9992c.png][]

You can also use `autonumber stop` and `autonumber resume <increment> <format>` to respectively pause and resume automatic numbering.

@startuml
    autonumber 10 10 "<b>[000]"
    Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response
    
    autonumber stop
    Bob -> Alice : dummy
    
    autonumber resume "<font color=red><b>Message 0  "
    Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response
    
    autonumber stop
    Bob -> Alice : dummy
    
    autonumber resume 1 "<font color=blue><b>Message 0  "
    Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
    Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response
    @enduml

![ca9a03066343ff81e8980f1c67a0e14b.png][]

Your startnumber can also be a 2 or 3 digit sequence using a field delimiter such as `.`, `;`, `,`, `:` or a mix of these. For example: `1.1.1` or `1.1:1`.

Automatically the last digit will increment.

To increment the first digit, use: `autonumber inc A`. To increment the second digit, use: `autonumber inc B`.

@startuml
    autonumber 1.1.1
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication request
    Bob --> Alice: Response
    
    autonumber inc A
    'Now we have 2.1.1
    Alice -> Bob: Another authentication request
    Bob --> Alice: Response
    
    autonumber inc B
    'Now we have 2.2.1
    Alice -> Bob: Another authentication request
    Bob --> Alice: Response
    
    autonumber inc A
    'Now we have 3.1.1
    Alice -> Bob: Another authentication request
    autonumber inc B
    'Now we have 3.2.1
    Bob --> Alice: Response
    @enduml

![8d4934efe43510260e24e414bd5e7689.png][]

You can also use the value of `autonumber` with the `%autonumber%` variable:

@startuml
    autonumber 10
    Alice -> Bob
    note right
      the <U+0025>autonumber<U+0025> works everywhere.
      Here, its value is ** %autonumber% **
    end note
    Bob --> Alice: //This is the response %autonumber%//
    @enduml

![8c05ba96daac643608b49d4526789dfc.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-7119][]\]*

### Page Title, Header and Footer ###

The `title` keyword is used to add a title to the page.

Pages can display headers and footers using `header` and `footer`.

@startuml
    
    header Page Header
    footer Page %page% of %lastpage%
    
    title Example Title
    
    Alice -> Bob : message 1
    Alice -> Bob : message 2
    
    @enduml

![ec45e4e7f3464ecabe3db3bd0785acbc.png][]

### Splitting diagrams ###

The `newpage` keyword is used to split a diagram into several images.

You can put a title for the new page just after the `newpage` keyword. This title overrides the previously specified title if any.

This is very handy with *Word* to print long diagram on several pages.

(Note: this really does work. Only the first page is shown below, but it is a display artifact.)

@startuml
    
    Alice -> Bob : message 1
    Alice -> Bob : message 2
    
    newpage
    
    Alice -> Bob : message 3
    Alice -> Bob : message 4
    
    newpage A title for the\nlast page
    
    Alice -> Bob : message 5
    Alice -> Bob : message 6
    @enduml

![674b45c4f92f4ab13f7da0dd7a737763.png][]

### Grouping message ###

It is possible to group messages together using the following keywords:

*  `alt/else`
 *  `opt`
 *  `loop`
 *  `par`
 *  `break`
 *  `critical`
 *  `group`, followed by a text to be displayed

It is possible to add a text that will be displayed into the header (for `group`, see next paragraph *'Secondary group label'*).

The `end` keyword is used to close the group.

Note that it is possible to nest groups.

@startuml
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    
    alt successful case
    
        Bob -> Alice: Authentication Accepted
    
    else some kind of failure
    
        Bob -> Alice: Authentication Failure
        group My own label
        Alice -> Log : Log attack start
            loop 1000 times
                Alice -> Bob: DNS Attack
            end
        Alice -> Log : Log attack end
        end
    
    else Another type of failure
    
       Bob -> Alice: Please repeat
    
    end
    @enduml

![7b9964163e1dae3a7c4089dc4359ac4c.png][]

### Secondary group label ###

For `group`, it is possible to add, between`[` and `]`, a secondary text or label that will be displayed into the header.

@startuml
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Failure
    group My own label [My own label 2]
        Alice -> Log : Log attack start
        loop 1000 times
            Alice -> Bob: DNS Attack
        end
        Alice -> Log : Log attack end
    end
    @enduml

![a026cac42eaa2c1ee9f8b97c30cdb916.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-2503][]\]*

### Notes on messages ###

It is possible to put notes on message using the `note left` or `note right` keywords *just after the message*.

You can have a multi-line note using the `end note` keywords.

@startuml
    Alice->Bob : hello
    note left: this is a first note
    
    Bob->Alice : ok
    note right: this is another note
    
    Bob->Bob : I am thinking
    note left
    a note
    can also be defined
    on several lines
    end note
    @enduml

![293e1b6d5dfc89d73130046f36900d18.png][]

### Some other notes ###

It is also possible to place notes relative to participant with `note left of` , `note right of` or `note over` keywords.

It is possible to highlight a note by changing its background [color][].

You can also have a multi-line note using the `end note` keywords.

@startuml
    participant Alice
    participant Bob
    note left of Alice #aqua
    This is displayed
    left of Alice.
    end note
    
    note right of Alice: This is displayed right of Alice.
    
    note over Alice: This is displayed over Alice.
    
    note over Alice, Bob #FFAAAA: This is displayed\n over Bob and Alice.
    
    note over Bob, Alice
    This is yet another
    example of
    a long note.
    end note
    @enduml

![c02adf2f93d1ad9c312fb4893a1981b5.png][]

### Changing notes shape \[hnote, rnote\] ###

You can use `hnote` and `rnote` keywords to change note shapes :

*  `hnote` for hexagonal note;
 *  `rnote` for rectangle note.

@startuml
    caller -> server : conReq
    hnote over caller : idle
    caller <- server : conConf
    rnote over server
     "r" as rectangle
     "h" as hexagon
    endrnote
    rnote over server
     this is
     on several
     lines
    endrnote
    hnote over caller
     this is
     on several
     lines
    endhnote
    @enduml

![5df50848e3646ee54c8168553312c47c.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-1765][]\]*

### Note over all participants \[across\] ###

You can directly make a note over all participants, with the syntax:

*  `note across: note_description`

@startuml
    Alice->Bob:m1
    Bob->Charlie:m2
    note over Alice, Charlie: Old method for note over all part. with:\n ""note over //FirstPart, LastPart//"".
    note across: New method with:\n""note across""
    Bob->Alice
    hnote across:Note across all part.
    @enduml

![81e0999384568461156ec70fd8ca8f17.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-9738][]\]*

### Several notes aligned at the same level \[/\] ###

You can make several notes aligned at the same level, with the syntax `/`:

*  without `/` *(by default, the notes are not aligned)*

@startuml
    note over Alice : initial state of Alice
    note over Bob : initial state of Bob
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    @enduml

![f592c1d929f70ebfafcc5e89023bc087.png][]

*  with `/` *(the notes are aligned)*

@startuml
    note over Alice : initial state of Alice
    / note over Bob : initial state of Bob
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    @enduml

![fd5d5afc5f2a2b705227bd2d3e992179.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-354][]\]*

### Creole and HTML ###

[It is also possible to use creole formatting:][It is also possible to use creole formatting]

@startuml
    participant Alice
    participant "The **Famous** Bob" as Bob
    
    Alice -> Bob : hello --there--
    ... Some ~~long delay~~ ...
    Bob -> Alice : ok
    note left
      This is **bold**
      This is //italics//
      This is ""monospaced""
      This is --stroked--
      This is __underlined__
      This is ~~waved~~
    end note
    
    Alice -> Bob : A //well formatted// message
    note right of Alice
     This is <back:cadetblue><size:18>displayed</size></back>
     __left of__ Alice.
    end note
    note left of Bob
     <u:red>This</u> is <color #118888>displayed</color>
     **<color purple>left of</color> <s:red>Alice</strike> Bob**.
    end note
    note over Alice, Bob
     <w:#FF33FF>This is hosted</w> by <img sourceforge.jpg>
    end note
    @enduml

![0645ffab867caf9e752650d9dcad7c0c.png][]

### Divider or separator ###

If you want, you can split a diagram using `==` separator to divide your diagram into logical steps.

@startuml
    
    == Initialization ==
    
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response
    
    == Repetition ==
    
    Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request
    Alice <-- Bob: another authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![64e3f22f51bde3d3a94e0614818a1c2d.png][]

### Reference ###

You can use reference in a diagram, using the keyword `ref over`.

@startuml
    participant Alice
    actor Bob
    
    ref over Alice, Bob : init
    
    Alice -> Bob : hello
    
    ref over Bob
      This can be on
      several lines
    end ref
    @enduml

![aa909fede8e91bcf56c5189e442cf175.png][]

### Delay ###

You can use `...` to indicate a delay in the diagram. And it is also possible to put a message with this delay.

@startuml
    
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    ...
    Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response
    ...5 minutes later...
    Bob --> Alice: Good Bye !
    
    @enduml

![75903dace18cbaed6a6ff502b976c6a1.png][]

### Text wrapping ###

To break long messages, you can manually add `\n` in your text.

Another option is to use `maxMessageSize` setting:

@startuml
    skinparam maxMessageSize 50
    participant a
    participant b
    a -> b :this\nis\nmanually\ndone
    a -> b :this is a very long message on several words
    @enduml

![077ea2718704e73cce070544c074c81f.png][]

### Space ###

You can use `|||` to indicate some spacing in the diagram.

It is also possible to specify a number of pixel to be used.

@startuml
    
    Alice -> Bob: message 1
    Bob --> Alice: ok
    |||
    Alice -> Bob: message 2
    Bob --> Alice: ok
    ||45||
    Alice -> Bob: message 3
    Bob --> Alice: ok
    
    @enduml

![fa870a7f1a95d74333004cb9ca2d547a.png][]

### Lifeline Activation and Destruction ###

The `activate` and `deactivate` are used to denote participant activation.

Once a participant is activated, its lifeline appears.

The `activate` and `deactivate` apply on the previous message.

The `destroy` denote the end of the lifeline of a participant.

@startuml
    participant User
    
    User -> A: DoWork
    activate A
    
    A -> B: << createRequest >>
    activate B
    
    B -> C: DoWork
    activate C
    C --> B: WorkDone
    destroy C
    
    B --> A: RequestCreated
    deactivate B
    
    A -> User: Done
    deactivate A
    
    @enduml

![ca8e4da334df17948ea5ffb6fba6178c.png][]

Nested lifeline can be used, and it is possible to add a [color][] on the lifeline.

@startuml
    participant User
    
    User -> A: DoWork
    activate A #FFBBBB
    
    A -> A: Internal call
    activate A #DarkSalmon
    
    A -> B: << createRequest >>
    activate B
    
    B --> A: RequestCreated
    deactivate B
    deactivate A
    A -> User: Done
    deactivate A
    
    @enduml

![66a80ee8f90c58e28cd57a70cc42981f.png][]

Autoactivation is possible and works with the return keywords:

@startuml
    autoactivate on
    alice -> bob : hello
    bob -> bob : self call
    bill -> bob #005500 : hello from thread 2
    bob -> george ** : create
    return done in thread 2
    return rc
    bob -> george !! : delete
    return success
    
    @enduml

![33129a3bd6b0aedeedea112ccc71fe6f.png][]

### Return ###

Command `return` generates a return message with optional text label.

The return point is that which caused the most recent life-line activation.

The syntax is `return label` where `label` if provided is any string acceptable for conventional messages.

@startuml
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    activate Alice
    Alice -> Alice : some action
    return bye
    @enduml

![38f1044c91fae116664c63f357593a8b.png][]

### Participant creation ###

You can use the `create` keyword just before the first reception of a message to emphasize the fact that this message is actually *creating* this new object.

@startuml
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    
    create Other
    Alice -> Other : new
    
    create control String
    Alice -> String
    note right : You can also put notes!
    
    Alice --> Bob : ok
    
    @enduml

![8ce2b96d5074539255de375e54122b11.png][]

### Shortcut syntax for activation, deactivation, creation ###

Immediately after specifying the target participant, the following syntax can be used:

*  `++` Activate the target (optionally a [color][] may follow this)
 *  `--` Deactivate the source
 *  `**` Create an instance of the target
 *  `!!` Destroy an instance of the target

@startuml
    alice -> bob ++ : hello
    bob -> bob ++ : self call
    bob -> bib ++  #005500 : hello
    bob -> george ** : create
    return done
    return rc
    bob -> george !! : delete
    return success
    @enduml

![569bc7c56904852e32b1247a98db2516.png][]

Then you can mix activation and deactivation, on same line:

@startuml
    alice   ->  bob     ++   : hello1
    bob     ->  charlie --++ : hello2
    charlie --> alice   --   : ok
    @enduml

![42d8d9b6b71257608a7a5b0b9f2927cd.png][]

@startuml
    @startuml
    alice -> bob   --++ #gold: hello
    bob   -> alice --++ #gold: you too
    alice -> bob   --: step1
    alice -> bob   : step2
    @enduml
    @enduml

![a4d4894ed4eb52b66e24f4e222d56e12.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-4834][], [QA-9573][] and [QA-13234][]\]*

### Incoming and outgoing messages ###

You can use incoming or outgoing arrows if you want to focus on a part of the diagram.

Use square brackets to denote the left "`[`" or the right "`]`" side of the diagram.

@startuml
    [-> A: DoWork
    
    activate A
    
    A -> A: Internal call
    activate A
    
    A ->] : << createRequest >>
    
    A<--] : RequestCreated
    deactivate A
    [<- A: Done
    deactivate A
    @enduml

![a7718c655fda6918f9e7ec3391dbabf1.png][]

You can also have the following syntax:

@startuml
    participant Alice
    participant Bob #lightblue
    Alice -> Bob
    Bob -> Carol
    ...
    [-> Bob
    [o-> Bob
    [o->o Bob
    [x-> Bob
    ...
    [<- Bob
    [x<- Bob
    ...
    Bob ->]
    Bob ->o]
    Bob o->o]
    Bob ->x]
    ...
    Bob <-]
    Bob x<-]
    
    @enduml

![5d4d4a56c6fd21ea4af9f6668648e149.png][]

### Short arrows for incoming and outgoing messages ###

You can have **short** arrows with using `?`.

@startuml
    ?-> Alice    : ""?->""\n**short** to actor1
    [-> Alice    : ""[->""\n**from start** to actor1
    [-> Bob      : ""[->""\n**from start** to actor2
    ?-> Bob      : ""?->""\n**short** to actor2
    Alice ->]    : ""->]""\nfrom actor1 **to end**
    Alice ->?    : ""->?""\n**short** from actor1
    Alice -> Bob : ""->"" \nfrom actor1 to actor2
    @enduml

![5e353040b7c5f6a73c08a1346413fe8d.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-310][]\]*

### Anchors and Duration ###

With `teoz` it is possible to add anchors to the diagram and use the anchors to specify duration time.

@startuml
    !pragma teoz true
    
    {start} Alice -> Bob : start doing things during duration
    Bob -> Max : something
    Max -> Bob : something else
    {end} Bob -> Alice : finish
    
    {start} <-> {end} : some time
    
    @enduml

![eebac2e6493ab05892864457a8b62d34.png][]

You can use the `-P` [command-line][] option to specify the pragma:

java -jar plantuml.jar -Pteoz=true

*\[Ref. [issue-582][]\]*

### Stereotypes and Spots ###

It is possible to add stereotypes to participants using `<<` and `>>`.

In the stereotype, you can add a spotted character in a colored circle using the syntax `(X,color)`.

@startuml
    
    participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >>
    participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) Testable >>
    
    Bob->Alice: First message
    
    @enduml

![6a962b20909cffa1e9e27f9b84ab6813.png][]

By default, the *guillemet* character is used to display the stereotype. You can change this behavious using the skinparam `guillemet`:

@startuml
    
    skinparam guillemet false
    participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >>
    participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) Testable >>
    
    Bob->Alice: First message
    
    @enduml

![df53f219129b0153df7e8c63d975e81e.png][]

@startuml
    
    participant Bob << (C,#ADD1B2) >>
    participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) >>
    
    Bob->Alice: First message
    
    @enduml

![098ff9d2a2b572549a6630a834a29cd1.png][]

### More information on titles ###

You can use [creole formatting][It is also possible to use creole formatting] in the title.

@startuml
    
    title __Simple__ **communication** example
    
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![59feb83f072214debc5fd5a42b4fffe7.png][]

You can add newline using `\n` in the title description.

@startuml
    
    title __Simple__ communication example\non several lines
    
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![0a9a73cad390bc29d69aa754f0e85644.png][]

You can also define title on several lines using `title` and `end title` keywords.

@startuml
    
    title
     <u>Simple</u> communication example
     on <i>several</i> lines and using <font color=red>html</font>
     This is hosted by <img:sourceforge.jpg>
    end title
    
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![f92656062f2d5184c46a3267bd998653.png][]

### Participants encompass ###

It is possible to draw a box around some participants, using `box` and `end box` commands.

You can add an optional title or a optional background color, after the `box` keyword.

@startuml
    
    box "Internal Service" #LightBlue
    participant Bob
    participant Alice
    end box
    participant Other
    
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> Other : hello
    
    @enduml

![4a371545542775a1b04f85b60f7171cd.png][]

It is also possible to nest boxes - to draw a box within a box - when using the teoz rendering engine, for example:

@startuml
    
    !pragma teoz true
    box "Internal Service" #LightBlue
    participant Bob
    box "Subteam"
    participant Alice
    participant John
    end box
    
    end box
    participant Other
    
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> John : hello
    John -> Other: Hello
    
    @enduml

![18ae0d3a21ba69d0f35805f7f8c685ca.png][]

### Removing Foot Boxes ###

You can use the `hide footbox` keywords to remove the foot boxes of the diagram.

@startuml
    
    hide footbox
    title Foot Box removed
    
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response
    
    @enduml

![7af92c4155772dd253aaef9503754ce5.png][]

### Skinparam ###

You can use the [skinparam][] command to change colors and fonts for the drawing.

You can use this command:

*  In the diagram definition, like any other commands,
 *  In an [included file][],
 *  In a configuration file, provided in the [command line][command-line] or the [ANT task][].

You can also change other rendering parameter, as seen in the following examples:

@startuml
    skinparam sequenceArrowThickness 2
    skinparam roundcorner 20
    skinparam maxmessagesize 60
    skinparam sequenceParticipant underline
    
    actor User
    participant "First Class" as A
    participant "Second Class" as B
    participant "Last Class" as C
    
    User -> A: DoWork
    activate A
    
    A -> B: Create Request
    activate B
    
    B -> C: DoWork
    activate C
    C --> B: WorkDone
    destroy C
    
    B --> A: Request Created
    deactivate B
    
    A --> User: Done
    deactivate A
    
    @enduml

![55437cbbd67fc04b8280f57a509f3c99.png][]

@startuml
    skinparam backgroundColor #EEEBDC
    skinparam handwritten true
    
    skinparam sequence {
    ArrowColor DeepSkyBlue
    ActorBorderColor DeepSkyBlue
    LifeLineBorderColor blue
    LifeLineBackgroundColor #A9DCDF
    
    ParticipantBorderColor DeepSkyBlue
    ParticipantBackgroundColor DodgerBlue
    ParticipantFontName Impact
    ParticipantFontSize 17
    ParticipantFontColor #A9DCDF
    
    ActorBackgroundColor aqua
    ActorFontColor DeepSkyBlue
    ActorFontSize 17
    ActorFontName Aapex
    }
    
    actor User
    participant "First Class" as A
    participant "Second Class" as B
    participant "Last Class" as C
    
    User -> A: DoWork
    activate A
    
    A -> B: Create Request
    activate B
    
    B -> C: DoWork
    activate C
    C --> B: WorkDone
    destroy C
    
    B --> A: Request Created
    deactivate B
    
    A --> User: Done
    deactivate A
    
    @enduml

![fd15c049ac55511a92d4b7bf517fa99d.png][]

### Changing padding ###

It is possible to tune some padding settings.

@startuml
    skinparam ParticipantPadding 20
    skinparam BoxPadding 10
    
    box "Foo1"
    participant Alice1
    participant Alice2
    end box
    box "Foo2"
    participant Bob1
    participant Bob2
    end box
    Alice1 -> Bob1 : hello
    Alice1 -> Out : out
    @enduml

![4061e110aa38762e8c1a029a7017dba1.png][]

### Appendix: Examples of all arrow type ###

#### Normal arrow ####

@startuml
    participant Alice as a
    participant Bob   as b
    a ->     b : ""->   ""
    a ->>    b : ""->>  ""
    a -\     b : ""-\   ""
    a -\\    b : ""-\\\\""
    a -/     b : ""-/   ""
    a -//    b : ""-//  ""
    a ->x    b : ""->x  ""
    a x->    b : ""x->  ""
    a o->    b : ""o->  ""
    a ->o    b : ""->o  ""
    a o->o   b : ""o->o ""
    a <->    b : ""<->  ""
    a o<->o  b : ""o<->o""
    a x<->x  b : ""x<->x""
    a ->>o   b : ""->>o ""
    a -\o    b : ""-\o  ""
    a -\\o   b : ""-\\\\o""
    a -/o    b : ""-/o  ""
    a -//o   b : ""-//o ""
    a x->o   b : ""x->o ""
    @enduml

![94772e1261bb1c11bfd228c9f61582f5.png][]

#### Itself arrow ####

@startuml
    participant Alice as a
    participant Bob   as b
    a ->     a : ""->   ""
    a ->>    a : ""->>  ""
    a -\     a : ""-\   ""
    a -\\    a : ""-\\\\""
    a -/     a : ""-/   ""
    a -//    a : ""-//  ""
    a ->x    a : ""->x  ""
    a x->    a : ""x->  ""
    a o->    a : ""o->  ""
    a ->o    a : ""->o  ""
    a o->o   a : ""o->o ""
    a <->    a : ""<->  ""
    a o<->o  a : ""o<->o""
    a x<->x  a : ""x<->x""
    a ->>o   a : ""->>o ""
    a -\o    a : ""-\o  ""
    a -\\o   a : ""-\\\\o""
    a -/o    a : ""-/o  ""
    a -//o   a : ""-//o ""
    a x->o   a : ""x->o ""
    @enduml

![96a9c70c0d85056fc43cdcc4da679dc6.png][]

#### Incoming and outgoing messages (with '\[', '\]') ####

##### Incoming messages (with '\[') #####

@startuml
    participant Alice as a
    participant Bob   as b
    [->      b : ""[->   ""
    [->>     b : ""[->>  ""
    [-\      b : ""[-\   ""
    [-\\     b : ""[-\\\\""
    [-/      b : ""[-/   ""
    [-//     b : ""[-//  ""
    [->x     b : ""[->x  ""
    [x->     b : ""[x->  ""
    [o->     b : ""[o->  ""
    [->o     b : ""[->o  ""
    [o->o    b : ""[o->o ""
    [<->     b : ""[<->  ""
    [o<->o   b : ""[o<->o""
    [x<->x   b : ""[x<->x""
    [->>o    b : ""[->>o ""
    [-\o     b : ""[-\o  ""
    [-\\o    b : ""[-\\\\o""
    [-/o     b : ""[-/o  ""
    [-//o    b : ""[-//o ""
    [x->o    b : ""[x->o ""
    @enduml

![863fe0834b994e2f2fff8d491126fcbf.png][]

##### Outgoing messages (with '\]') #####

@startuml
    participant Alice as a
    participant Bob   as b
    a ->]      : ""->]   ""
    a ->>]     : ""->>]  ""
    a -\]      : ""-\]   ""
    a -\\]     : ""-\\\\]""
    a -/]      : ""-/]   ""
    a -//]     : ""-//]  ""
    a ->x]     : ""->x]  ""
    a x->]     : ""x->]  ""
    a o->]     : ""o->]  ""
    a ->o]     : ""->o]  ""
    a o->o]    : ""o->o] ""
    a <->]     : ""<->]  ""
    a o<->o]   : ""o<->o]""
    a x<->x]   : ""x<->x]""
    a ->>o]    : ""->>o] ""
    a -\o]     : ""-\o]  ""
    a -\\o]    : ""-\\\\o]""
    a -/o]     : ""-/o]  ""
    a -//o]    : ""-//o] ""
    a x->o]    : ""x->o] ""
    @enduml

![3e49f1bf0dbeb5ef0bc7bddaf0ecfb19.png][]

#### Short incoming and outgoing messages (with '?') ####

##### Short incoming (with '?') #####

@startuml
    participant Alice as a
    participant Bob   as b
    a ->     b : //Long long label//
    ?->      b : ""?->   ""
    ?->>     b : ""?->>  ""
    ?-\      b : ""?-\   ""
    ?-\\     b : ""?-\\\\""
    ?-/      b : ""?-/   ""
    ?-//     b : ""?-//  ""
    ?->x     b : ""?->x  ""
    ?x->     b : ""?x->  ""
    ?o->     b : ""?o->  ""
    ?->o     b : ""?->o  ""
    ?o->o    b : ""?o->o ""
    ?<->     b : ""?<->  ""
    ?o<->o   b : ""?o<->o""
    ?x<->x   b : ""?x<->x""
    ?->>o    b : ""?->>o ""
    ?-\o     b : ""?-\o  ""
    ?-\\o    b : ""?-\\\\o ""
    ?-/o     b : ""?-/o  ""
    ?-//o    b : ""?-//o ""
    ?x->o    b : ""?x->o ""
    @enduml

![cfa48779ddc7f2ba9c9e09023e7c4bd4.png][]

##### Short outgoing (with '?') #####

@startuml
    participant Alice as a
    participant Bob   as b
    a ->     b : //Long long label//
    a ->?      : ""->?   ""
    a ->>?     : ""->>?  ""
    a -\?      : ""-\?   ""
    a -\\?     : ""-\\\\?""
    a -/?      : ""-/?   ""
    a -//?     : ""-//?  ""
    a ->x?     : ""->x?  ""
    a x->?     : ""x->?  ""
    a o->?     : ""o->?  ""
    a ->o?     : ""->o?  ""
    a o->o?    : ""o->o? ""
    a <->?     : ""<->?  ""
    a o<->o?   : ""o<->o?""
    a x<->x?   : ""x<->x?""
    a ->>o?    : ""->>o? ""
    a -\o?     : ""-\o?  ""
    a -\\o?    : ""-\\\\o?""
    a -/o?     : ""-/o?  ""
    a -//o?    : ""-//o? ""
    a x->o?    : ""x->o? ""
    @enduml

![bfb2eb9f823b4f50d38e04087b6aa1f3.png][]

### Specific SkinParameter ###

#### By default ####

@startuml
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> Bob : ok
    @enduml

![fecf0ded6904503499c04bcd7420009a.png][]

#### LifelineStrategy ####

*  nosolid *(by default)*

@startuml
    skinparam lifelineStrategy nosolid
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> Bob : ok
    @enduml

![dc6fdb7d230e3467f253a583c0e807df.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-9016][]\]*

*  solid

In order to have solid life line in sequence diagrams, you can use: `skinparam lifelineStrategy solid`

@startuml
    skinparam lifelineStrategy solid
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> Bob : ok
    @enduml

![b419d9586b10da03b9f3db238124fff5.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-2794][]\]*

#### style strictuml ####

To be conform to strict UML (*for arrow style: emits triangle rather than sharp arrowheads*), you can use:

*  `skinparam style strictuml`

@startuml
    skinparam style strictuml
    Bob -> Alice : hello
    Alice -> Bob : ok
    @enduml

![b44a741880b0127534f5a2f41c0b9f19.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-1047][]\]*

### Hide unlinked participant ###

By default, all participants are displayed.

@startuml
    participant Alice
    participant Bob
    participant Carol
    
    Alice -> Bob : hello
    @enduml

![ee152d13614a392a9366d4740d11a2bd.png][]

But you can `hide unlinked` participant.

@startuml
    hide unlinked
    participant Alice
    participant Bob
    participant Carol
    
    Alice -> Bob : hello
    @enduml

![71b845faa513a14788e0122832d13014.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-4247][]\]*

### Color a group message ###

It is possible to [color][] a group messages:

@startuml
    Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
    alt#Gold #LightBlue Successful case
        Bob -> Alice: Authentication Accepted
    else #Pink Failure
        Bob -> Alice: Authentication Rejected
    end
    @enduml

![0a858556d32b8f13f850ff49e9ffe4ef.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-4750][] and [QA-6410][]\]*

### Mainframe ###

@startuml
    mainframe This is a **mainframe**
    Alice->Bob : Hello
    @enduml

![ec71b9394cf9e823aadc601ff901a975.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-4019][] and [Issue\#148][Issue_148]\]*

### Slanted or odd arrows ###

You can use the `(nn)` option (before or after arrow) to make the arrows slanted, where *nn* is the number of shift pixels.

*\[Available only after v1.2022.6beta+\]*

@startuml
    A ->(10) B: text 10
    B ->(10) A: text 10
    
    A ->(10) B: text 10
    A (10)<- B: text 10
    @enduml

![ded81914cb623d4cded865539f0b3c1f.png][]

@startuml
    A ->(40) B++: Rq
    B -->(20) A--: Rs
    @enduml

![d957f8e44b56319a0df8213364214684.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-14145][]\]*

@startuml
    !pragma teoz true
    A ->(50) C: Starts\nwhen 'B' sends
    & B ->(25) C: \nBut B's message\n arrives before A's
    @enduml

![f2c4f7083944450634af7e205f9a071b.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-6684][]\]*

@startuml
    !pragma teoz true
    
    S1 ->(30) S2: msg 1\n
    & S2 ->(30) S1: msg 2
    
    note left S1: msg\nS2 to S1
    & note right S2: msg\nS1 to S2
    @enduml

![d47b0d2ed19ab13cace2dd590cf84465.png][]

*\[Ref. [QA-1072][]\]*

[b831d68f3182aa4bab67173ac199935e.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/b831d68f3182aa4bab67173ac199935e.png
[f07db6b21c4bf4c9af4bebbd4717b536.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/f07db6b21c4bf4c9af4bebbd4717b536.png
[color]: http://alphadoc.plantuml.com/doc/markdown/en/color
[2a96aa83ce8220f342ac9f81bc23f463.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/2a96aa83ce8220f342ac9f81bc23f463.png
[9ca0606b0e33969e1eaf390cf574854f.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/9ca0606b0e33969e1eaf390cf574854f.png
[8d41f22705ad7d932f0c88fec10d04c6.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/8d41f22705ad7d932f0c88fec10d04c6.png
[QA-15232]: https://forum.plantuml.net/15232/
[accd30354bdce28658914a07f424d89d.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/accd30354bdce28658914a07f424d89d.png
[f917ff6339576215769fa4eb8d81ff76.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/f917ff6339576215769fa4eb8d81ff76.png
[a711c96d5e1f75ac7cda7226e9a96aaa.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/a711c96d5e1f75ac7cda7226e9a96aaa.png
[QA-1361]: https://forum.plantuml.net/1361
[skinparam]: http://alphadoc.plantuml.com/doc/markdown/en/skinparam
[5b0867d8eb9fd8a4d68348c9c75ac9f2.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/5b0867d8eb9fd8a4d68348c9c75ac9f2.png
[05d54ed05783cb9fdd3efcca160c189b.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/05d54ed05783cb9fdd3efcca160c189b.png
[761c67b55eb3d6eef27f4138ec05cdf2.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/761c67b55eb3d6eef27f4138ec05cdf2.png
[9c8fc4634e1ca71d87bab690edac8a0c.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/9c8fc4634e1ca71d87bab690edac8a0c.png
[f8af28505906359d50e8270b4e268a1b.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/f8af28505906359d50e8270b4e268a1b.png
[b619fac8ada27649117ef217c8b705ca.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/b619fac8ada27649117ef217c8b705ca.png
[7865686623957566154fde0218a9992c.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/7865686623957566154fde0218a9992c.png
[ca9a03066343ff81e8980f1c67a0e14b.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/ca9a03066343ff81e8980f1c67a0e14b.png
[8d4934efe43510260e24e414bd5e7689.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/8d4934efe43510260e24e414bd5e7689.png
[8c05ba96daac643608b49d4526789dfc.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/8c05ba96daac643608b49d4526789dfc.png
[QA-7119]: https://forum.plantuml.net/7119/create-links-after-creating-a-diagram?show=7137#a7137
[ec45e4e7f3464ecabe3db3bd0785acbc.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/ec45e4e7f3464ecabe3db3bd0785acbc.png
[674b45c4f92f4ab13f7da0dd7a737763.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/674b45c4f92f4ab13f7da0dd7a737763.png
[7b9964163e1dae3a7c4089dc4359ac4c.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/7b9964163e1dae3a7c4089dc4359ac4c.png
[a026cac42eaa2c1ee9f8b97c30cdb916.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/a026cac42eaa2c1ee9f8b97c30cdb916.png
[QA-2503]: https://forum.plantuml.net/2503
[293e1b6d5dfc89d73130046f36900d18.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/293e1b6d5dfc89d73130046f36900d18.png
[c02adf2f93d1ad9c312fb4893a1981b5.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/c02adf2f93d1ad9c312fb4893a1981b5.png
[5df50848e3646ee54c8168553312c47c.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/5df50848e3646ee54c8168553312c47c.png
[QA-1765]: https://forum.plantuml.net/1765/is-it-possible-to-have-different-shapes-for-notes?show=1806#c1806
[81e0999384568461156ec70fd8ca8f17.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/81e0999384568461156ec70fd8ca8f17.png
[QA-9738]: https://forum.plantuml.net/9738
[f592c1d929f70ebfafcc5e89023bc087.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/f592c1d929f70ebfafcc5e89023bc087.png
[fd5d5afc5f2a2b705227bd2d3e992179.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/fd5d5afc5f2a2b705227bd2d3e992179.png
[QA-354]: https://forum.plantuml.net/354
[It is also possible to use creole formatting]: http://alphadoc.plantuml.com/doc/markdown/en/creole
[0645ffab867caf9e752650d9dcad7c0c.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/0645ffab867caf9e752650d9dcad7c0c.png
[64e3f22f51bde3d3a94e0614818a1c2d.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/64e3f22f51bde3d3a94e0614818a1c2d.png
[aa909fede8e91bcf56c5189e442cf175.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/aa909fede8e91bcf56c5189e442cf175.png
[75903dace18cbaed6a6ff502b976c6a1.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/75903dace18cbaed6a6ff502b976c6a1.png
[077ea2718704e73cce070544c074c81f.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/077ea2718704e73cce070544c074c81f.png
[fa870a7f1a95d74333004cb9ca2d547a.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/fa870a7f1a95d74333004cb9ca2d547a.png
[ca8e4da334df17948ea5ffb6fba6178c.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/ca8e4da334df17948ea5ffb6fba6178c.png
[66a80ee8f90c58e28cd57a70cc42981f.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/66a80ee8f90c58e28cd57a70cc42981f.png
[33129a3bd6b0aedeedea112ccc71fe6f.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/33129a3bd6b0aedeedea112ccc71fe6f.png
[38f1044c91fae116664c63f357593a8b.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/38f1044c91fae116664c63f357593a8b.png
[8ce2b96d5074539255de375e54122b11.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/8ce2b96d5074539255de375e54122b11.png
[569bc7c56904852e32b1247a98db2516.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/img_convert/569bc7c56904852e32b1247a98db2516.png
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[Issue_148]: https://github.com/plantuml/plantuml/issues/148
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