02-Nginx的基本配置与优化

深藏阁楼爱情的钟 2023-10-11 14:39 125阅读 0赞

### 1.1 Nginx的完整配置示例 ###

#使用的用户和组
    #user  nobody;
    #指定工作衍生进程数（一般等于CPU的总核数或总核数的两倍，例如两个四核CPU，则总核数为8）
    worker_processes  1;
    
    #指定错误日志存放的路径，错误日志记录级别可选项为（debug|info|notice|warn|error|crit）
    #error_log  logs/error.log;
    #error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
    #error_log  logs/error.log  info;
    
    #指定pid存放的路径
    #pid        logs/nginx.pid;
    
    
    events {
        #允许的连接数
        worker_connections  1024;
    }
    
    
    http {
        include       mime.types;
        default_type  application/octet-stream;
    
        #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
        #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
        #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    
        #access_log  logs/access.log  main;
    
        sendfile        on;
        #tcp_nopush     on;
    
        #keepalive_timeout  0;
        keepalive_timeout  65;
    
        #gzip  on;
    
        server {
            listen       80;
            server_name  localhost;
            #设置字符集
            #charset koi8-r;
    
            #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
    
            location / {
                root   html;
                index  aa.html index.html index.htm;
            }
    
            #error_page  404              /404.html;
    
            # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
            #
            error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
                root   html;
            }
    
            # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
            #
            #location ~ \.php$ {
            #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
            #}
    
            # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
            #
            #location ~ \.php$ {
            #    root           html;
            #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
            #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
            #    include        fastcgi_params;
            #}
    
            # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
            # concurs with nginx's one
            #
            #location ~ /\.ht {
            #    deny  all;
            #}
        }
    
    
        # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
        #
        #server {
        #    listen       8000;
        #    listen       somename:8080;
        #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;
    
        #    location / {
        #        root   html;
        #        index  index.html index.htm;
        #    }
        #}
    
    
        # HTTPS server
        #
        #server {
        #    listen       443 ssl;
        #    server_name  localhost;
    
        #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
        #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;
    
        #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
        #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;
    
        #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
        #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;
    
        #    location / {
        #        root   html;
        #        index  index.html index.htm;
        #    }
        #}
    
    }

### **1.2 Nginx的虚拟主机配置** ###

#### **1> 什么是虚拟主机** ####

虚拟主机使用的是特殊的软硬件技术，它把一台运行在因特网上的服务器主机，分成一台台“虚拟”的主机，每台虚拟主机都可以是一个独立的网站，可以具有独立的域名，具有完整的Internet服务器功能，**同一台主机上的虚拟主机之间是完全独立的。**

Nginx可以配置多种类型的虚拟主机

*  **基于IP的虚拟主机**
 *  **基于域名的虚拟主机**
 *  **基于端口的虚拟主机**

#### **2>基于IP的虚拟主机** ####

用ifconfig命令查看该服务器的IP地址，这台服务器有一块物理网卡设备ens33 ip地址为192.168.254.210 和 本地回环设备lo ip地址为：127.0.0.1

ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
            inet 192.168.254.210  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.254.255
            inet6 fe80::250:56ff:fe20:8f89  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
            ether 00:50:56:20:8f:89  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
            RX packets 8424  bytes 6893884 (6.5 MiB)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 4932  bytes 581425 (567.7 KiB)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
    
    lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
            inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
            inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
            loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
            RX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

**本地回环代表设备的本地虚拟接口，所以默认被看作是永远不会宕掉的接口，它的作用有两个：**

1.  测试本机的网络配置，能ping通127.0.0.1 说明本机的网卡 和IP协议安装都没有问题。
2.  某些server/client的应用程序在运行时需调用服务器上的资源，一般要指定Server 的ip地址，当该程序要在同一台机器上运行且没有别的Server时，就可以把Server的资源装在本机上，Server 的IP地址设为 127.0.0.1 也同样可以运行。

为ens33 网卡设备添加192.168.254.211,192.168.254.212 ip地址

添加前配置

NAME=ens33
    DEVICE=ens33
    TYPE=Ethernet
    HWADDR=00:50:56:20:8F:89
    NM_CONTROLLED=yes
    ONBOOT=yes
    IPADDR=192.168.254.210
    BOOTPROTO=static
    NETMASK=255.255.255.0
    GATEWAY=192.168.254.2
    DNS1=192.168.254.2
    IPV6INIT=no
    ZONE=public

添加后

TYPE=Ethernet
    BOOTPROTO=none
    DEFROUTE=yes
    IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
    IPV6INIT=yes
    IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
    IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
    IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
    NAME=ens33
    UUID=933cdc9b-b383-4ddd-b219-5a72c69c9cf0
    ONBOOT=yes
    HWADDR=00:50:56:20:8F:89
    IPADDR0=192.168.254.210
    IPADDR1=192.168.254.211
    IPADDR2=192.168.254.212
    PREFIX0=24
    GATEWAY0=192.168.254.2
    DNS1=192.168.254.2
    IPV6_PEERDNS=yes
    IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes

查看ip地址

[root@base210 ~]# ip addr
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:50:56:20:8f:89 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.254.210/24 brd 192.168.254.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet 192.168.254.211/24 brd 192.168.254.255 scope global secondary noprefixroute ens33
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet 192.168.254.212/24 brd 192.168.254.255 scope global secondary noprefixroute ens33
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 fe80::250:56ff:fe20:8f89/64 scope link noprefixroute 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

从window ping 192.168.254.211,192.168.254.212 都能ping通

为Nginx配置文件（nginx.conf）,分别对192.168.254.211，192.168.254.212，192.168.254.210 三个IP配置三个纯静态HTML支持的虚拟主机

编辑 conf/nginx.conf

#第一个虚拟机
    server {
            #监听的IP和端口
            listen       192.168.254.210:80;
            #主机名称
            server_name  192.168.254.210;
    
            #charset koi8-r;
            #访问日志文件存放路径
            access_log  logs/server1.access.log  combined;
    
            location / {
                #html网页文件存放的目录
                root   server1;
                #默认首页文件，顺序从左到右
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    
            #error_page  404              /404.html;
    
            # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
            #
            error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
                root   html;
            }
    
            # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
            #
            #location ~ \.php$ {
            #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
            #}
    
            # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
            #
            #location ~ \.php$ {
            #    root           html;
            #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
            #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
            #    include        fastcgi_params;
            #}
    
            # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
            # concurs with nginx's one
            #
            #location ~ /\.ht {
            #    deny  all;
            #}
    
        }
        #第二个虚拟主机
        server{
            listen  192.168.254.211:80;
            server_name 192.168.254.211;
            access_log  logs/server2.access.log  combined;
            location / {
                root   server2;
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    
        }
        #第三个虚拟主机
        server{
            listen  192.168.254.212:80;
            server_name 192.168.254.212;
            access_log  logs/server3.access.log  combined;
            location / {
                root   server3;
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    
        }

在 /usr/local/nginx 下创建 server1、server2、server3目录，每个目录中添加index.html文件

内容分别为 this is server1 page、this is server2 page、this is server3 page

<html>
    this is server1 page
    </html>

设置好后，重启加载新配置文件

在浏览器中通过192.168.254.210:80 可以访问到 this is server1 page

在浏览器中通过192.168.254.211:80 可以访问到 this is server2 page

在浏览器中通过192.168.254.212:80 可以访问到 this is server3 page

#### **配置基于域名的虚拟主机** ####

基于域名的虚拟主机是最常见的一种虚拟主机，只需配置你的DNS服务器，将每个主机名映射到正确的IP地址，然后配置Nginx服务器，令其识别不同的主机名就可以了。

可以使多个虚拟主机共享同一个IP地址，有效解决了IP地址不足的问题。

更改nginx.conf 配置

server {
            listen       80;
            #域名配置
            server_name  a.domain.com;
    
            #charset koi8-r;
    
            access_log  logs/a.domain.com.access.log  combined;
    
            location / {
                root   server1;
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    
            #error_page  404              /404.html;
    
            # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
            #
            error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
                root   html;
            }
    
            # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
            #
            #location ~ \.php$ {
            #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
            #}
    
            # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
            #
            #location ~ \.php$ {
            #    root           html;
            #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
            #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
            #    include        fastcgi_params;
            #}
    
            # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
            # concurs with nginx's one
            #
            #location ~ /\.ht {
            #    deny  all;
            #}
    
        }
    
        server{
            listen  80;
            #域名配置
            server_name b.domain.com;
            access_log  logs/b.domain.com.access.log  combined;
            location / {
                root   server2;
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    
        }
    
        server{
            listen  80;
            #域名配置
            server_name b.domain.com;
            access_log  logs/b.domain.com.access.log  combined;
            location / {
                root   server3;
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    
        }

从容重启nginx 使其加载配置

kill -HUP 1426

在window电脑上更改hosts 测试

192.168.254.210 a.domain.com  
192.168.254.211 b.domain.com  
192.168.254.212 c.domain.com

通过浏览器访问 a.domain.com 可以访问到this is server1 page 内容

#### Nginx的日志文件配置与切割 ####

与Nginx日志相关的指令主要有两个

1.  log\_format 用来设置日志的格式
2.  另外一条是access\_log 用来指定日志文件的存放路径、格式、缓存大小。

**1> 用log\_format 指令设置日志的格式，语法**

log\_format name format \[format\]

其中name表示定义为格式名称，format表示定义为格式样式。

log\_format有一个默认的，无需设置的combined日志格式设置，相当于Apache的combined 日志格式，其具体参数如下：