Mac 安装 NodeJS & NPM

朴灿烈づ我的快乐病毒、 2023-05-29 15:29 51阅读 0赞

### 前言 ###

最近搭建`Hexo`，需要安装`npm`和`NodeJS`. 遇到一点幺蛾子, 开帖记录下.

`NodeJS`内包括`npm`, 所以直接安装`npm`即可.

NodeJS官网[http://nodejs.cn/download/][http_nodejs.cn_download]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly95YW54bWwuYmxvZy5jc2RuLm5ldA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

--------------------

### dmg安装 (不推荐) ###

*  安装  
    使用dmg安装. 下载安装包直接安装即可. 没有什么技术含量.
 *  需要注意的是 安装的位置在何处？  
    我们前往`cd /usr/local/bin/`

sh-3.2# cd /usr/local/bin/sh-3.2# ls -lrt
    total 82576
    -rwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel  42276320 10 21 15:53 node
    lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  admin        38 11  2 15:56 npm -> ../lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npm-cli.js
    lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  admin        38 11  2 15:56 npx -> ../lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npx-cli.js
    lrwxr-xr-x  1 sean  admin        33 11  6 12:06 hexo -> ../lib/node_modules/hexo/bin/hexo

可以看到`node`/`npm`/`npx`. 其中`node`是二进制文件, `npm`和`npx`是软连接.

*  卸载  
    删除`node`/`npx`/`npm`和`lib/node_modules`内的内容即可.

[Mac安装NodeJS的默认路径][Mac_NodeJS]

*  Other Tips  
    `dmg`安装会默认把`/usr/local/bin/lib/node_modules`当作默认的`npm仓库`地址. 有时候会导致没有权限的问题. 我在安装`hexo`的时候就遇到. 没有办法, 只能重装.
 *  操作1 `node install -g hexo`

SeandeMacBook-Pro:~ sean$ npm install -g hexo
    npm WARN checkPermissions Missing write access to /usr/local/lib/node_modules
    npm ERR! code EACCES
    npm ERR! syscall access
    npm ERR! path /usr/local/lib/node_modules
    npm ERR! errno -13
    npm ERR! Error: EACCES: permission denied, access '/usr/local/lib/node_modules'
    npm ERR!  [Error: EACCES: permission denied, access '/usr/local/lib/node_modules'] {
    npm ERR!   stack: "Error: EACCES: permission denied, access '/usr/local/lib/node_modules'",
    npm ERR!   errno: -13,
    npm ERR!   code: 'EACCES',
    npm ERR!   syscall: 'access',
    npm ERR!   path: '/usr/local/lib/node_modules'
    npm ERR! }
    npm ERR!
    npm ERR! The operation was rejected by your operating system.
    npm ERR! It is likely you do not have the permissions to access this file as the current user
    npm ERR!
    npm ERR! If you believe this might be a permissions issue, please double-check the
    npm ERR! permissions of the file and its containing directories, or try running
    npm ERR! the command again as root/Administrator.
    
    npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in:
    npm ERR!     /Users/sean/.npm/_logs/2019-11-06T03_46_31_834Z-debug.log
    
    解决办法: 没有目录权限. 加上`sudo`即可.

[【问题与解决】Mac OS通过 npm 安装 React Native 报错（checkPermissions Missing write access to /usr/local/lib/node\_modules）][Mac OS_ npm _ React Native _checkPermissions Missing write access to _usr_local_lib_node_modules]

*  操作2 `sudo npm install -g hexo`

SeandeMacBook-Pro:~ sean$ sudo  npm install -g hexo
    Password:
    /usr/local/bin/hexo -> /usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/bin/hexo
    
    > fsevents@1.2.9 install /usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents
    > node install
    
    node-pre-gyp WARN Using needle for node-pre-gyp https download
    node-pre-gyp WARN Pre-built binaries not installable for fsevents@1.2.9 and node@12.13.0 (node-v72 ABI, unknown) (falling back to source compile with node-gyp)
    node-pre-gyp WARN Hit error EACCES: permission denied, mkdir '/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib'
    gyp WARN EACCES current user ("nobody") does not have permission to access the dev dir "/Users/sean/Library/Caches/node-gyp/12.13.0"
    gyp WARN EACCES attempting to reinstall using temporary dev dir "/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/.node-gyp"
    gyp WARN install got an error, rolling back install
    gyp WARN install got an error, rolling back install
    gyp ERR! configure error
    gyp ERR! stack Error: EACCES: permission denied, mkdir '/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/.node-gyp'
    gyp ERR! System Darwin 18.7.0
    gyp ERR! command "/usr/local/bin/node" "/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/bin/node-gyp.js" "configure" "--fallback-to-build" "--module=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib/binding/Release/node-v72-darwin-x64/fse.node" "--module_name=fse" "--module_path=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib/binding/Release/node-v72-darwin-x64" "--napi_version=5" "--node_abi_napi=napi" "--napi_build_version=0" "--node_napi_label=node-v72"
    gyp ERR! cwd /usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents
    gyp ERR! node -v v12.13.0
    gyp ERR! node-gyp -v v5.0.5
    gyp ERR! not ok
    node-pre-gyp ERR! build error
    node-pre-gyp ERR! stack Error: Failed to execute '/usr/local/bin/node /usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/bin/node-gyp.js configure --fallback-to-build --module=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib/binding/Release/node-v72-darwin-x64/fse.node --module_name=fse --module_path=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib/binding/Release/node-v72-darwin-x64 --napi_version=5 --node_abi_napi=napi --napi_build_version=0 --node_napi_label=node-v72' (1)
    node-pre-gyp ERR! stack     at ChildProcess.<anonymous> (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/node_modules/node-pre-gyp/lib/util/compile.js:83:29)
    node-pre-gyp ERR! stack     at ChildProcess.emit (events.js:210:5)
    node-pre-gyp ERR! stack     at maybeClose (internal/child_process.js:1021:16)
    node-pre-gyp ERR! stack     at Process.ChildProcess._handle.onexit (internal/child_process.js:283:5)
    node-pre-gyp ERR! System Darwin 18.7.0
    node-pre-gyp ERR! command "/usr/local/bin/node" "/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/node_modules/node-pre-gyp/bin/node-pre-gyp" "install" "--fallback-to-build"
    node-pre-gyp ERR! cwd /usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents
    node-pre-gyp ERR! node -v v12.13.0
    node-pre-gyp ERR! node-pre-gyp -v v0.12.0
    node-pre-gyp ERR! not ok
    Failed to execute '/usr/local/bin/node /usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/bin/node-gyp.js configure --fallback-to-build --module=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib/binding/Release/node-v72-darwin-x64/fse.node --module_name=fse --module_path=/usr/local/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents/lib/binding/Release/node-v72-darwin-x64 --napi_version=5 --node_abi_napi=napi --napi_build_version=0 --node_napi_label=node-v72' (1)
    npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: fsevents@1.2.9 (node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents):
    npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: fsevents@1.2.9 install: `node install`
    npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: Exit status 1
    
    + hexo@4.0.0
    added 288 packages from 442 contributors in 100.34s

解决办法: 还是因为没有目录权限导致. 更改`npm`的仓库地址. `npm`应该是默认在安装目录的. 我这里采用重新安装的办法. 当然也可以把`lib/node_modules`文件夹放到本地其他地方, 然后更改软连接的方法.

这就是我为什么不推荐使用`.dmg`安装的原因.

[root权限NPM全局安装(-g)仍会权限不够，认识下参数 --unsafe-perm][root_NPM_-g_ --unsafe-perm]

--------------------

### tar.gz安装 (推荐) ###

*  安装  
    下载`tar.gz`包. 解压`tar.gz`包. 创建软连接. 配置`/etc/profile`文件.  
    具体操作流程如下:

# 1. 前往安装目录
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:Software sean$ cd Software/NodeJS/
    
    # 把下载的tar.gz包
    # 2. 解压安装包(可以手动解压 / 也可以使用tar.gz命令解压)
    # 解压完成
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:NodeJS sean$ ls
    node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64	node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64.tar.gz
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:NodeJS sean$ pwd
    /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS
    
    # 创建软连接
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:NodeJS sean$ ln -s /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64 /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/current
    
    # 在/etc/profile文件末尾加入如下
    # NodeJS 20191104
    export NodeJS_HOME=/Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/current
    export PATH=.:$PATH::$NodeJS_HOME/bin

*  验证

# npm
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:bin sean$ npm
    
    Usage: npm <command>
    
    where <command> is one of:
        access, adduser, audit, bin, bugs, c, cache, ci, cit,
        clean-install, clean-install-test, completion, config,
        create, ddp, dedupe, deprecate, dist-tag, docs, doctor,
        edit, explore, get, help, help-search, hook, i, init,
        install, install-ci-test, install-test, it, link, list, ln,
        login, logout, ls, org, outdated, owner, pack, ping, prefix,
        profile, prune, publish, rb, rebuild, repo, restart, root,
        run, run-script, s, se, search, set, shrinkwrap, star,
        stars, start, stop, t, team, test, token, tst, un,
        uninstall, unpublish, unstar, up, update, v, version, view,
        whoami
    
    npm <command> -h  quick help on <command>
    npm -l            display full usage info
    npm help <term>   search for help on <term>
    npm help npm      involved overview
    
    Specify configs in the ini-formatted file:
        /Users/sean/.npmrc
    or on the command line via: npm <command> --key value
    Config info can be viewed via: npm help config
    
    npm@6.12.0 /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64/lib/node_modules/npm
    
    # node
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:bin sean$ node
    Welcome to Node.js v12.13.0.
    Type ".help" for more information.
    > .exit

*  Other Tips  
    我们可以查看下`NodeJS`提供了哪些命令？通过`./bin`目录下查看可以知道, 和`dmg`安装一致. (`npm/npx/node`)

SeandeMacBook-Pro:bin sean$ pwd
    /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/current/bin
    SeandeMacBook-Pro:bin sean$ ls
    hexo	node	npm	npx

[mac自定义安装nodejs步骤][mac_nodejs]

OK. 我们重新安装`hexo`测试测试.

SeandeMacBook-Pro:bin sean$ npm install -g hexo
    /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64/bin/hexo -> /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64/lib/node_modules/hexo/bin/hexo
    
    > fsevents@1.2.9 install /Users/sean/Software/NodeJS/node-v12.13.0-darwin-x64/lib/node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents
    > node install
    
    sh: node: command not found
    npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: fsevents@1.2.9 (node_modules/hexo/node_modules/nunjucks/node_modules/fsevents):
    npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: fsevents@1.2.9 install: `node install`
    npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: spawn ENOENT
    
    + hexo@4.0.0
    added 288 packages from 442 contributors in 148.64s

安装成功.

--------------------

### brew 安装(不推荐) ###

brew install -g node
    brew uninstall node

*  brew 安装目录 /usr/local/Cellar
 *  brew 配置目录 /usr/local/etc
 *  brew 命令目录 /usr/local/bin

brew安装的文件有一个缺陷. 那就是基本新版的`brew`无法指定版本, 默认认为最新版.

Reference: [brew 下 安装node 和 npm][brew _ _node _ npm]

--------------------

### Others - npm相关命令 / 更改npm仓库源 ###

`npm`相关命令.

*  `npm -v` : 查看版本.
 *  `npm install XXX`: 安装某些框架. Ex. `npm install jquery` .
 *  `npm info jquery` : 查看包的详细信息.
 *  `npm view jquery versions`: 查看一个包存在的所有版本号.
 *  `npm view jquery version`: 查看指定包当前的最新版本.
 *  `npm install jquery@3.4.1`: 下载指定版本的包.
 *  `npm list`: 查看项目安装了哪些包.
 *  `npm install jquery --save`/ `npm i jquery -S` ：–save 表示 在 package.json 文件中（dependencies）记录 下载包的版本信息.
 *  `npm install jquery --save-dev` / `npm i jquery -D` :下载开发依赖包，上一条命令是下载生产依赖包(这里就不讲开发依赖和生产依赖的区别).
 *  `npm root -g`: 查看全局安装包的存放位置
 *  `npm audit fix`: 包的修复 ，一般是包的更新
 *  `npm ls jquery`: 查看当前安装包的版本
 *  更改`npm`仓库地址  
    因为国区有时候无法下载某些`.js`包, 所以需要更改`js`仓库地址.

//设置淘宝源
    npm config set registry https://registry.npm.taobao.org
    
    //设置本地源
    npm config set registry http://127.0.0.1:4873
    
    //查看源，可以看到设置过的所有的源
    npm config get registry

此外, 还可以安装`cnpm`替代`npm`. 但是`cnpm`不会更改仓库源. 需要手动更改.

// 安装cnpm命令,不会改变npm的源
    npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org
    
    //使用
    cnpm install

同时, 你还可以通过更改`~/.npmrc`来更改`npm仓库地址`.(没有文件创建)

registry = https://registry.npm.taobao.org

[npm基本命令][npm]  
[npm设置和查看仓库源][npm 1]

[http_nodejs.cn_download]: http://nodejs.cn/download/
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly95YW54bWwuYmxvZy5jc2RuLm5ldA_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191106222007418.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly95YW54bWwuYmxvZy5jc2RuLm5ldA==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70
[Mac_NodeJS]: https://blog.csdn.net/xiliuhu/article/details/80982838
[Mac OS_ npm _ React Native _checkPermissions Missing write access to _usr_local_lib_node_modules]: https://www.cnblogs.com/yc-755909659/p/8490473.html
[root_NPM_-g_ --unsafe-perm]: https://www.cnblogs.com/ganiks/p/stack-error-eacces-denied-node-gyp.html
[mac_nodejs]: https://www.cnblogs.com/hz-blog/p/5094914.html
[brew _ _node _ npm]: https://www.jianshu.com/p/8cd088a1f7af
[npm]: https://www.cnblogs.com/zjl-712/p/11469433.html
[npm 1]: https://www.cnblogs.com/wenjunwei/p/10078460.html