重学计算机组成原理（一） —— 冯诺伊曼结构

灰太狼 2023-02-16 00:41 31阅读 0赞

## 背景介绍 ##

第一台通用电子计算机 ENIAC

EDVAC -> 冯诺伊曼关于EDVAC的报告草案，即是冯诺伊曼结构计算机的起始

EDSAC

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UNIVAC

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## 冯诺伊曼结构要点 ##

在冯诺依曼署名的《EDVAC设计草案》中，论述了计算机结构的设计要点

1.  计算机应由运算器，控制器，存储器，输入设备和输出设备共5个部分组成
2.  数据和程序均以二进制代码形式不加区别地存放在存储器中，存放位置由存储器的地址指定
3.  计算机在工作时能够自动地从存储器中取出指令加以执行

在EDVAC之前，如ENIAC计算机，采用的是10进制，并且计算程序是用开关连线来实现的。冯诺伊曼提出，程序应该存放在存储器中，而不应该用开关连线来实现，这就是存储程序的概念

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冯诺伊曼结构和现代计算机

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类比

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冯诺伊曼结构计算机的工作原理

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其余扩展

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## 计算机运转类比 ##

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## 计算机结构的简化模型 ##

*  存储器
    
    ![image-20200606125857499][]
 *  控制器
    
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    ![image-20200606130143279][]
 *  运算器
    
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    模型机的整体结构
    
    ![image-20200606131017743][]

## 计算机执行指令的过程 ##

指令格式：`ADD R0, [6]`

表示将通用寄存器R0的内容，和地址为6的存储单元的内容，相加

运算结果会默认写回到第一个操作数，即R0

## 计算机输入和输出 ##

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## 冯诺伊曼结构的具体实现 ##

冯诺依曼计算机的主要构成

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![image-20200606155857067][]

计算机启动时，通过北桥，南桥，访问到只读存储器BIOS芯片。严格来说，BIOS不属于存储器部分，而属于外部记录介质，就像早期计算机的穿孔纸带。

**南北桥架构**

![image-20200606160557510][]

其中红色箭头表示传输压力很大的通道，绿色箭头表示传输压力相对不大的通道

由于CPU对主存的访问是系统的瓶颈，所以随后把北桥中的主存控制器，移到了CPU中，就大大提高了CPU访问主存的速度

![image-20200606161058370][]

除了CPU和主存的访问之外，下一个要解决的就是CPU与显卡的访问，于是在之后的演进中，把PCIe控制器，也纳入到了CPU中。如此以来，北桥中最重要的一些部件，都被集成到了CPU中，于是，北桥就没有存在的必要了。于是，将北桥中剩余的功能，和南桥芯片整合到一起之后，南北桥架构就消失了。个人PC的主板，由三片式的架构，缩减成了两片式。由于没了北桥，所以南桥这个名称听着比较奇怪，所以就给它改名叫了PCH

![image-20200606161535731][]

那么可不可以在两片式的基础上，继续缩减呢？ => 系统芯片（System-on-a-Chip） SoC

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**摩尔定律**

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小结:

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![image-20200606164548670][]

=> 推荐Coursera的这门计算机组成课程  
[https://www.coursera.org/learn/jisuanji-zucheng][https_www.coursera.org_learn_jisuanji-zucheng]

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[https_www.coursera.org_learn_jisuanji-zucheng]: https://www.coursera.org/learn/jisuanji-zucheng