QML使用ShaderEffect绘制波纹

- 日理万妓 2022-10-05 00:48 250阅读 0赞

# 0.前言 #

对于 ShaderEffect 的介绍请看 Qt 文档：[https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qml-qtquick-shadereffect.html][https_doc.qt.io_qt-5_qml-qtquick-shadereffect.html]

之前用 QtGraphicalEffects 模块的镜像渐变做过波纹效果，但是那个 GradientStop 不能放到 Repeator 里，要根据参数动态设置波纹大小就需要 createComponent 之类的。最近用 ShaderEffect 又重新实现了下波纹效果。感觉最麻烦的就是抗锯齿，最终效果勉强，不过没 QtGraphicalEffects 做的好，有空研究下他怎么实现的。

下图左侧 Shader，右侧渐变：

![20210607002104668.gif][]

# 1.实现思路 #

波纹就是通过设置每一段间隔范围的透明度来实现，在此基础上加一个偏移量加减透明度值，使之看起来在移动。

抗锯齿我使用的 smoothstep  函数，但是目前效果还不大理想，后面再研究下怎么优化。

# 2.实现代码 #

（这里使用的 QML 默认的 OpenGL ES2.0 的 glsl）

Shader（就几句代码，懒得写注释了）：

import QtQuick 2.12
    
    //使用shader制作波纹效果
    ShaderEffect{
        id: control
        width: 150
        height: 150
        //动画移动偏移量
        property real offset: 0
        //波纹间隔
        property real spacing: 20
    
        NumberAnimation {
            target: control
            property: "offset"
            duration: 2000
            from: 0
            to: control.spacing
            loops: Animation.Infinite //-1
            running: true
        }
    
        vertexShader: "
    uniform mat4 qt_Matrix;
    attribute vec4 qt_Vertex;
    attribute vec2 qt_MultiTexCoord0;
    varying vec2 thePos;
    
    void main() {
    thePos =  vec2(qt_MultiTexCoord0.x*2.0-1.0,-qt_MultiTexCoord0.y*2.0+1.0);
    gl_Position = qt_Matrix * qt_Vertex;
    }
    "
    
        fragmentShader: "
    varying vec2 thePos;
    uniform float qt_Opacity;
    uniform float width;
    uniform float offset;
    uniform float spacing;
    vec4 outColor;
    float mod(float x,float y)
    {
    return x-y*floor(x/y);
    }
    void main()
    {
    outColor = vec4(1,0,0,0);
    float aSmoothWidth=3.0/float(width);
    // distance(pos)=[0,1],on center=0,on border=1
    float dis=distance(thePos,vec2(0.0,0.0))*width;
    float maxlen=float(int(width)/int(spacing*2.0))*spacing*2.0-spacing*2.0+offset*2.0;
    if(dis<=maxlen){
    outColor.a=mod(dis-offset*2.0,spacing*2.0)/(spacing*2.0);
    if(outColor.a>0.99-aSmoothWidth)
    outColor.a=smoothstep(0.99,0.98-aSmoothWidth,outColor.a);
    // erasing
    outColor.a=pow(outColor.a,2.0);
    }
    gl_FragColor = outColor * qt_Opacity;
    gl_FragColor.rgb *= gl_FragColor.a;
    }
    "
    }

渐变：

import QtQuick 2.12
    import QtGraphicalEffects 1.0
    
    //使用渐变制作波纹效果
    RadialGradient{
        id: control
        implicitWidth: 150
        implicitHeight: 150
        property double wave_offset: 0.0
        property color wave_color: "red"
        property alias running: animation.running
    
        NumberAnimation{
            id: animation
            target: control
            property: "wave_offset"
            from: 0
            to: 0.1
            duration: 2000
            running: control.visible
            loops: Animation.Infinite //-1
        }
    
        //待改进，根据参数来设置波纹数量
        gradient: Gradient{
            //很遗憾，不能用Repeater，可以试下createComponent，然后属性用binding绑定offset
            GradientStop{ position: 0; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.001; color: control.wave_color }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.01; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.05; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.1; color: control.wave_color }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.11; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.15; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.2; color: control.wave_color }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.21; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.25; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.3; color: control.wave_color }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.31; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.35; color: "transparent" }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.4; color: control.wave_color }
            GradientStop{ position: control.wave_offset+0.41; color: "transparent" }
        }
    }

[https_doc.qt.io_qt-5_qml-qtquick-shadereffect.html]: https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qml-qtquick-shadereffect.html
[20210607002104668.gif]: /images/20221005/cb34fc86e8f74da198dc7286182299e1.png