1、Spring Boot快速入门

ゝ一世哀愁。 2022-06-15 11:09 352阅读 0赞

# 简介 #

在您第1次接触和学习Spring框架的时候，是否因为其繁杂的配置而退却了？在你第n次使用Spring框架的时候，是否觉得一堆反复黏贴的配置有一些厌烦？那么您就不妨来试试使用Spring Boot来让你更易上手，更简单快捷地构建Spring应用！

Spring Boot让我们的Spring应用变的更轻量化。比如：你可以仅仅依靠一个Java类来运行一个Spring引用。你也可以打包你的应用为jar并通过使用java -jar来运行你的Spring Web应用。

Spring Boot的主要优点：

*  为所有Spring开发者更快的入门
 *  开箱即用，提供各种默认配置来简化项目配置
 *  内嵌式容器简化Web项目
 *  没有冗余代码生成和XML配置的要求

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# 快速入门 #

本章主要目标完成Spring Boot基础项目的构建，并且实现一个简单的Http请求处理，通过这个例子对Spring Boot有一个初步的了解，并体验其结构简单、开发快速的特性。

## 系统要求： ##

*  Java 7及以上
 *  Spring Framework 4.1.5及以上

本文采用`Java 1.8.0_73`、`Spring Boot 1.3.2`调试通过。

## 使用Maven构建项目 ##

1.  通过`SPRING INITIALIZR`工具产生基础项目
    
    1.  访问：`http://start.spring.io/`
    2.  选择构建工具`Maven Project`、Spring Boot版本`1.3.2`以及一些工程基本信息，可参考下图所示[![SPRING INITIALIZR][]][SPRING INITIALIZR]SPRING INITIALIZR
    3.  点击`Generate Project`下载项目压缩包
2.  解压项目包，并用IDE以`Maven`项目导入，以`IntelliJ IDEA 14`为例：
    
    1.  菜单中选择`File`–>`New`–>`Project from Existing Sources...`
    2.  选择解压后的项目文件夹，点击`OK`
    3.  点击`Import project from external model`并选择`Maven`，点击`Next`到底为止。
    4.  若你的环境有多个版本的JDK，注意到选择`Java SDK`的时候请选择`Java 7`以上的版本

## 项目结构解析 ##

[![项目结构][chapter1-2.png]][chapter1-2.png]项目结构

通过上面步骤完成了基础项目的创建，如上图所示，Spring Boot的基础结构共三个文件（具体路径根据用户生成项目时填写的Group所有差异）：

*  `src/main/java`下的程序入口：`Chapter1Application`
 *  `src/main/resources`下的配置文件：`application.properties`
 *  `src/test/`下的测试入口：`Chapter1ApplicationTests`

生成的`Chapter1Application`和`Chapter1ApplicationTests`类都可以直接运行来启动当前创建的项目，由于目前该项目未配合任何数据访问或Web模块，程序会在加载完Spring之后结束运行。

## 引入Web模块 ##

当前的`pom.xml`内容如下，仅引入了两个模块：

*  `spring-boot-starter`：核心模块，包括自动配置支持、日志和YAML
 *  `spring-boot-starter-test`：测试模块，包括JUnit、Hamcrest、Mockito

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引入Web模块，需添加`spring-boot-starter-web`模块：

## 编写HelloWorld服务 ##

*  创建`package`命名为`com.didispace.web`（根据实际情况修改）
 *  创建`HelloController`类，内容如下

*  启动主程序，打开浏览器访问`http://localhost:8080/hello`，可以看到页面输出`Hello World`

## 编写单元测试用例 ##

打开的`src/test/`下的测试入口`Chapter1ApplicationTests`类。下面编写一个简单的单元测试来模拟http请求，具体如下：

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      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,113,94)">@WebAppConfiguration</span>
     
      
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      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">public</span> 
      
       
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline"><span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">class</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(255,255,255)">Chapter1ApplicationTests</span> </span>{
     
      
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     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em"></div>
     
      
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em">	
      
       
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">private</span> MockMvc mvc;
     
      
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     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em"></div>
     
      
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      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,113,94)">@Before</span>
     
      
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      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline"><span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">public</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">void</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(166,226,46)">setUp</span><span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline">()</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">throws</span> Exception </span>{
     
      
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      		mvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(
      
       
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">new</span> HelloController()).build();
     
      
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      	}
     
      
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     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em"></div>
     
      
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em">	
      
       
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,113,94)">@Test</span>
     
      
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      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline"><span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">public</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">void</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(166,226,46)">getHello</span><span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline">()</span> <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:bold; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(249,38,114)">throws</span> Exception </span>{
     
      
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      		mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(
      
       
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(166,226,46)">"/hello"</span>).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
     
      
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      				.andExpect(status().isOk())
     
      
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      				.andExpect(content().string(equalTo(
      
       
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(166,226,46)">"Hello World"</span>)));
     
      
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      	}
     
      
     </div>
     
      
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em"></div>
     
      
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-weight:inherit; font-style:inherit; font-family:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; height:1.6em">
      
       
      }
     
      
     </div></pre> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

使用`MockServletContext`来构建一个空的`WebApplicationContext`，这样我们创建的`HelloController`就可以在`@Before`函数中创建并传递到`MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup（）`函数中。

*  注意引入下面内容，让`status`、`content`、`equalTo`函数可用

至此已完成目标，通过Maven构建了一个空白Spring Boot项目，再通过引入web模块实现了一个简单的请求处理。

# 使用Intellij中的Spring Initializr来快速构建Spring Boot/Cloud工程 #

在之前的所有Spring Boot和Spring Cloud相关博文中，都会涉及Spring Boot工程的创建。而创建的方式多种多样，我们可以通过Maven来手工构建或是通过脚手架等方式快速搭建，也可以通过[《Spring Boot快速入门》][Spring Boot]一文中提到的`SPRING INITIALIZR`页面工具来创建，相信每位读者都有自己最喜欢和最为熟练的创建方式。

本文我们将介绍嵌入的Intellij中的Spring Initializr工具，它同Web提供的创建功能一样，可以帮助我们快速的构建出一个基础的Spring Boot/Cloud工程。

*  菜单栏中选择`File`=>`New`=>`Project..`，我们可以看到如下图所示的创建功能窗口。其中`Initial Service Url`指向的地址就是Spring官方提供的Spring Initializr工具地址，所以这里创建的工程实际上也是基于它的Web工具来实现的。
    
    [![spring-initializr-in-intellij-1.png][]][spring-initializr-in-intellij-1.png]
 *  点击`Next`，等待片刻后，我们可以看到如下图所示的工程信息窗口，在这里我们可以编辑我们想要创建的工程信息。其中，`Type`可以改变我们要构建的工程类型，比如：Maven、Gradle；`Language`可以选择：Java、Groovy、Kotlin。
    
    [![spring-initializr-in-intellij-2.png][]][spring-initializr-in-intellij-2.png]
 *  点击`Next`，进入选择Spring Boot版本和依赖管理的窗口。在这里值的我们关注的是，它不仅包含了Spring Boot Starter POMs中的各个依赖，还包含了Spring Cloud的各种依赖。
    
    [![spring-initializr-in-intellij-3.png][]][spring-initializr-in-intellij-3.png]
 *  点击`Next`，进入最后关于工程物理存储的一些细节。最后，点击`Finish`就能完成工程的构建了。
    
    [![spring-initializr-in-intellij-4.png][]][spring-initializr-in-intellij-4.png]

Intellij中的`Spring Initializr`虽然还是基于官方Web实现，但是通过工具来进行调用并直接将结果构建到我们的本地文件系统中，让整个构建流程变得更加顺畅，还没有体验过此功能的Spring Boot/Cloud爱好者们不妨可以尝试一下这种不同的构建方式。

[SPRING INITIALIZR]: /images/20220615/a5b5a6f9bbeb414aae43cd61aac35d5a.png
[chapter1-2.png]: /images/20220615/6441b588f3464901b7108c6895e2ee9c.png
[Spring Boot]: http://blog.didispace.com/spring-boot-learning-1/
[spring-initializr-in-intellij-1.png]: /images/20220615/63c880ce90404e8c9dfe4b8bd0e8227d.png
[spring-initializr-in-intellij-2.png]: /images/20220615/574d71b977c1455db198706ba9b32c66.png
[spring-initializr-in-intellij-3.png]: /images/20220615/097430042e51488081b07fe9845922ca.png
[spring-initializr-in-intellij-4.png]: /images/20220615/8806af0e100243f2abe560fd463339f7.png