Linux交叉编译器的制作（二）

女爷i 2022-05-29 00:10 622阅读 0赞

# Linux交叉编译器的制作-**crosstool-ng** #

## 1.交叉编译器的了解 ##

### 1.1 GNU ###

**GNU编译器集**（其前身为GNU C编译器）诞生于1987年。当时Richard Stallman（GNU项  
目的创办人）想要创建一个编译器，它可以满足他定义的“自由软件”概念，并可用来编译  
GNU项目发布的其他软件。GNU C编译器迅速在自由软件社区中流行开来，而且以其健壮性和  
可移植性而闻名。它已成为许多集成开发工具的基础，被世界各地的发行商应用在**Linux**和其他操作系统之上。  
版本和学习内容，这里还有gcc参考手册[链接][Link 1]

[klaus@localhost ~]$ gcc --version
    gcc (GCC) 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)
    Copyright © 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    本程序是自由软件；请参看源代码的版权声明。本软件没有任何担保；
    包括没有适销性和某一专用目的下的适用性担保。
    [klaus@localhost ~]$

GNU工具链中包括编译器(cc)、连接器(ld)、汇编器(as)以及调试器(gdb,用于跟踪所有程序中的不可避免的错误)。

### 1.2 几种C语言库 ###

**1）Glibc**  
**glibc = GNU C Library** 是GNU项（GNU Project）目，所实现的 C语言标准库（C standard library）。在PC上安装的时候，默认都是使用glibc。  
 常见的桌面和服务器中的GNU/Linux类的系统中，都是用的这套C语言标准库。其实现了常见的C库的函数，支持很多种系统平台，功能很全， **囊括了几乎所有的 UNIX 通行的标准**，可以想见其内容包罗万有。  
 glibc除了封装linux操作系统所提供的系统服务外，它本身也提供了许多其它一些必要功能服务的实现。  
**2）uclibc**  
一个小型的C语言标准库，主要用于嵌入式。其最开始设计用于uClinux（注：uClinux不支持MMU），**uclibc是另一c运行库**，与glibc相比他更小。当初创建uclinux的时候，需要一个能编译比较小体积的目标文件的编译器，这个时候就有人写了一个uc-libc库，这个库可以说是uclinux上的一个glibc移植，但是还是有很多函数没有实现，所以人们只能勉强用它来在uclinux上写程序。  
uClibc的**特点**：

*  uClibc比glibc要小很多。
 *  uClibc是独立的，为了应用于嵌入式系统中，完全重新实现出来的。
 *  glibc在源码结构和二进制上，都不兼容。

## 2.编译器下载 ##

制作交叉编译器过程中，Linux主机下需要确定安装了以下软件包。我们可以在Linux主机下通过yum(centos等红帽子系列Linux发行版本下)或apt-get(ubuntu等Debian系列Linxu发行版本下)命令来从网上下载安装下面软件包。这里是[下载地址][Link 2]。

[klaus@localhost 下载]$ mkdir crosstool
    [klaus@localhost 下载]$ cd crosstool/
    [klaus@localhost crosstool]$ wget http://crosstool-ng.org/download/crosstool-ng/crosstool-ng-1.16.0.tar.bz2
    --2018-03-13 14:11:47--  http://crosstool-ng.org/download/crosstool-ng/crosstool-ng-1.16.0.tar.bz2
    正在解析主机 crosstool-ng.org (crosstool-ng.org)... 140.211.15.129
    正在连接 crosstool-ng.org (crosstool-ng.org)|140.211.15.129|:80... 已连接。
    已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
    长度：1957336 (1.9M) [application/x-bzip]
    正在保存至: “crosstool-ng-1.16.0.tar.bz2”
    100%[===========================================================================================>] 1,957,336    213KB/s 用时 12s    
    2018-03-13 14:12:00 (158 KB/s) - 已保存 “crosstool-ng-1.16.0.tar.bz2” [1957336/1957336])
    [klaus@localhost crosstool]$ tar -xjf crosstool-ng-1.16.0.tar.bz2 
    [klaus@localhost crosstool]$ cd crosstool-ng-1.16.0/
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ls
    bootstrap  configure     contrib  ct-ng.comp  docs     LICENSES    Makefile.in  README   scripts   TODO
    config     configure.ac  COPYING  ct-ng.in    kconfig  licenses.d  patches      samples  steps.mk

## 3. 编译器安装 ##

需要配置安装到当前目录下

[klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$./configure --prefix=`pwd`
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$make && make install
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ls samples/
    alphaev56-unknown-linux-gnu           i586-geode-linux-uclibc               powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu
    alphaev67-unknown-linux-gnu           i586-mingw32msvc,i686-none-linux-gnu  powerpc-860-linux-gnu
    arm-bare_newlib_cortex_m3_nommu-eabi  i686-nptl-linux-gnu                   powerpc-e300c3-linux-gnu
    arm-cortex_a15-linux-gnueabi          i686-pc-mingw32                       powerpc-e500v2-linux-gnuspe
    arm-cortex_a8-linux-gnueabi           m68k-unknown-elf                      powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu
    arm-davinci-linux-gnueabi             mips64el-n32-linux-uclibc             powerpc-unknown-linux-uclibc
    armeb-unknown-eabi                    mips64el-n64-linux-uclibc             powerpc-unknown_nofpu-linux-gnu
    armeb-unknown-linux-gnueabi           mips-ar2315-linux-gnu                 s390-ibm-linux-gnu
    armeb-unknown-linux-uclibcgnueabi     mipsel-sde-elf                        s390x-ibm-linux-gnu
    arm-unknown-eabi                      mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu              samples.mk
    arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi             mips-malta-linux-gnu                  sh4-unknown-linux-gnu
    arm-unknown-linux-uclibcgnueabi       mips-unknown-elf                      x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
    avr32-unknown-none                    mips-unknown-linux-uclibc             x86_64-unknown-linux-uclibc
    bfin-unknown-linux-uclibc             powerpc-405-linux-gnu
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$

在模板里面找到**arm-bare\_newlib\_cortex\_m3\_nommu-eabi**和**arm-cortex\_a8-linux-gnueabi**就证明安装成功了。

## 4. 编译器配置 ##

以**Cortex A8**处理器为模块

[klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ cp samples/arm-cortex_a8-linux-gnueabi/crosstool.config .config
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ export TERM=vt100
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ./ct-ng menuconfig

接下来就是对交叉编译器进行配置了

##### **4.1 Paths and misc options** #####

设置下载路径和安装路径  
![2.1][]

##### **4.2 Target option** #####

更改CPU型号  
![2][]

##### **4.3 Toolchain options** #####

工具链修改名称  
![3][]

##### **4.4 不用修改项** #####

下面的Companion libraries 也可以不用修改。  
![add][]

##### **4.5 取消项** #####

**Debug**过程一般我们用不着，可以全部取消掉。  
![debug][]

## 5.开始制作 ##

创建制作交叉编译器工具链的软件包的下载路径就可以开始制作了

[klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ mkdir tarballa
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ./c
    config/        config.gen/    config.status  configure      contrib/       ct-ng          
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ./ct-ng build

## 6.出现问题和解决办法 ##

##### （1）glibc-static没有安装 #####

[klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ./ct-ng build
    [INFO ]  Performing some trivial sanity checks
    [INFO ]  Build started 20180313.145946
    [INFO ]  Building environment variables
    [EXTRA]  Preparing working directories
    [ERROR]  Static linking impossible on the host system 'x86_64-build_unknown-linux-gnu'
    [00:00] / make: *** [build] 错误 1

为了不去挨个寻找，可以简便的**全部**装上

[klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ yum install glibc*
    已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
     * extras: mirrors.nju.edu.cn
     * updates: mirrors.nju.edu.cn
    正在解决依赖关系
    ... ... ...
    更新完毕:
      glibc.x86_64 0:2.17-196.el7_4.2             glibc-common.x86_64 0:2.17-196.el7_4.2     glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.17-196.el7_4.2    
      glibc-headers.x86_64 0:2.17-196.el7_4.2    
    
    完毕！
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ./ct-ng build

##### （2）下载链接出错 #####

[INFO ]  Retrieving needed toolchain components' tarballs [EXTRA] Retrieving 'linux-3.5' [ERROR] [ERROR] >> ... ... ... Trying 'http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.5.tar.lzma' [DEBUG] ==> Executing: 'wget' '--passive-ftp' '--tries=3' '-nc' '--progress=dot:binary' '-T' '10' '-O' '/home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.16.0/.build/tarballs/linux-3.5.tar.lzma.tmp-dl' 'http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.5.tar.lzma' [ALL ] --2018-03-13 19:15:46-- http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.5.tar.lzma [ALL ] Resolving ftp.kernel.org (ftp.kernel.org)... failed: Name or service not known. [ALL ] wget: unable to resolve host address 'ftp.kernel.org' ... ... ...

重新下载这些安装包就行,这里就直接将出错里面的安装包列举出来，通过下面方式直接下载

[klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ cd tarballs/
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ ls
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.20.1a.tar.bz2
    --2018-03-13 19:42:04--  http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.20.1a.tar.bz2
    正在解析主机 ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)... 208.118.235.20, 2001:4830:134:3::b
    正在连接 ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)|208.118.235.20|:80... 已连接。
    已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
    长度：16306586 (16M) [application/x-bzip2]
    正在保存至: “binutils-2.20.1a.tar.bz2”
    
    100%[==========================================================================================>] 16,306,586   236KB/s 用时 40s    
    
    2018-03-13 19:42:44 (402 KB/s) - 已保存 “binutils-2.20.1a.tar.bz2” [16306586/16306586])
    
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ ls
    binutils-2.20.1a.tar.bz2

可以直接参考下面有的安装包，自行下载

[klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-4.4.6/gcc-4.4.6.tar.bz2
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-ports-2.9.tar.bz2
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.5.tar.bz2
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://gcc.parentingamerica.com/infrastructure/ppl-0.10.2.tar.gz
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/clfs/conglomeration/cloog-ppl/cloog-ppl-0.15.9.tar.gz
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libc/glibc-2.9.tar.bz2
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gmp/gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.twaren.net/Unix/GNU/gnu/mpfr/mpfr-2.4.2.tar.xz
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ ls
    binutils-2.20.1a.tar.bz2  gcc-4.4.6.tar.bz2  glibc-ports-2.9.tar.bz2  linux-3.5.tar.bz2  ppl-0.10.2.tar.gz
    cloog-ppl-0.15.9.tar.gz   glibc-2.9.tar.bz2  gmp-4.3.2.tar.bz2        mpfr-2.4.2.tar.xz
    [klaus@localhost tarballs]$ cd ..
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.16.0]$ ./ct-ng build

##### （3）MPFR版本过低 #####

[INFO ]  Extracting and patching toolchain components
    [ERROR]    configure.in:294: error: automatic de-ANSI-fication support has been removed
    [ERROR]    aclocal: error: echo failed with exit status: 1
    [ERROR]   
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  Build failed in step 'Extracting and patching toolchain components'
    [ERROR]  >>        called in step '(top-level)'
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  Error happened in: CT_DoExecLog[scripts/functions@172]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: do_mpfr_extract[scripts/build/companion_libs/mpfr.sh@37]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: main[scripts/crosstool-NG.sh@560]
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  For more info on this error, look at the file: 'build.log'
    [ERROR]  >>  There is a list of known issues, some with workarounds, in:
    [ERROR]  >>      'share/doc/crosstool-ng/ct-ng.1.16.0/B - Known issues.txt'
    [ERROR]   
    [ERROR]  (elapsed: 0:04.44)
    [00:04] / make: *** [build] 错误 1

升级MPFR，记得需要在选项里面修改过来  
![add][add 1]  
如果编译不通还可以尝试更改更高的版本，重新下载所要的安装包

[klaus@localhost tarballs]$ wget http://ftp.twaren.net/Unix/GNU/gnu/mpfr/mpfr-3.0.0.tar.xz

##### （4）GMP版本过高 #####

[INFO ]  =================================================================
    [INFO ]  Installing PPL for host
    [EXTRA]    Configuring PPL
    [ERROR]    configure: error: Cannot find GMP version 4.1.3 or higher.
    [ERROR]   
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  Build failed in step 'Installing PPL for host'
    [ERROR]  >>        called in step '(top-level)'
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  Error happened in: CT_DoExecLog[scripts/functions@172]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: do_ppl_backend[scripts/build/companion_libs/ppl.sh@82]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: do_ppl_for_host[scripts/build/companion_libs/ppl.sh@59]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: main[scripts/crosstool-NG.sh@598]
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  For more info on this error, look at the file: 'build.log'
    [ERROR]  >>  There is a list of known issues, some with workarounds, in:
    [ERROR]  >>      'share/doc/crosstool-ng/ct-ng.1.16.0/B - Known issues.txt'
    [ERROR]   
    [ERROR]  (elapsed: 1:28.30)
    [01:29] / make: *** [build] 错误 1

将GLooG/ppl version版本降低就可以解决该问题，同时注意在tarballs下载相应版本。  
![改][add 1]

##### （5）未知错误–待解决 #####

... ... ...
    [INFO ]  =================================================================
    [INFO ]  Installing PPL for host
    [EXTRA]    Configuring PPL
    [EXTRA]    Building PPL
    [ERROR]    /home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.17.0/.build/src/ppl-0.10.2/src/Interval.defs.hh:451:85: error: 'f_info' was not declared in this scope, and no declarations were found by argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation [-fpermissive]
    [ERROR]    /home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.17.0/.build/src/ppl-0.10.2/src/Interval.defs.hh:390:85: error: 'f_info' was not declared in this scope, and no declarations were found by argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation [-fpermissive]
    [ERROR]    /home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.17.0/.build/src/ppl-0.10.2/src/Interval.defs.hh:432:60: error: 'f_info' was not declared in this scope, and no declarations were found by argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation [-fpermissive]
    [ERROR]    /home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.17.0/.build/src/ppl-0.10.2/src/Interval.defs.hh:492:60: error: 'f_info' was not declared in this scope, and no declarations were found by argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation [-fpermissive]
    [ERROR]    /home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.17.0/.build/src/ppl-0.10.2/src/Interval.defs.hh:390:85: error: 'f_info' was not declared in this scope, and no declarations were found by argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation [-fpermissive]
    [ERROR]    /home/klaus/crosstool/crosstool-ng-1.17.0/.build/src/ppl-0.10.2/src/Interval.defs.hh:451:85: error: 'f_info' was not declared in this scope, and no declarations were found by argument-dependent lookup at the point of instantiation [-fpermissive]
    [ERROR]    make[4]: *** [Polyhedron_widenings.lo] Error 1
    [ERROR]    make[3]: *** [all] Error 2
    [ERROR]    make[2]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
    [ERROR]    make[1]: *** [all] Error 2
    [ERROR]   
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  Build failed in step 'Installing PPL for host'
    [ERROR]  >>        called in step '(top-level)'
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  Error happened in: CT_DoExecLog[scripts/functions@258]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: do_ppl_backend[scripts/build/companion_libs/ppl.sh@105]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: do_ppl_for_host[scripts/build/companion_libs/ppl.sh@59]
    [ERROR]  >>        called from: main[scripts/crosstool-NG.sh@609]
    [ERROR]  >>
    [ERROR]  >>  For more info on this error, look at the file: 'build.log'
    [ERROR]  >>  There is a list of known issues, some with workarounds, in:
    [ERROR]  >>      'share/doc/crosstool-ng/ct-ng.1.17.0/B - Known issues.txt'
    [ERROR]   
    [ERROR]  (elapsed: 3:13.50)
    [03:14] / make: *** [build] 错误 2
    [klaus@localhost crosstool-ng-1.17.0]$

关于这个问题，博主我弄了两天，还是没有发现解决方案，不知道各位能够解决的能人，遇到解决了还请留言。  
    我的推测是，博主我的虚拟机**centos 7**，在**centos 6**的版本是没有这个问题的。可能是gcc的原因，在其他网站上浏览到:  
![aaa][add 1]

所以博主我这个的**crosstool-ng**差最后一步，暂时没能实现。  
附上错误日志和解决办法，这是[6.9版本错误日志][6.9]，这是[7.0版本错误日志][7.0]。

[Link 1]: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.8.5/gcc/
[Link 2]: http://crosstool-ng.org/download/crosstool-ng/
[2.1]: /images/20220529/d6ccb6e0c3d64257916935ca552b4ce9.png
[2]: https://img-blog.csdn.net/20180313144213726?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQva2xhdXNfeA==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70
[3]: https://img-blog.csdn.net/20180313144318981?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQva2xhdXNfeA==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70
[add]: /images/20220529/f827a3734a2a40e7bf278df475080971.png
[debug]: /images/20220529/a1d1d09e6f2d484781af540ba1b94a03.png
[add 1]: 
[6.9]: http://blog.csdn.net/klaus_x/article/details/79566264
[7.0]: http://blog.csdn.net/klaus_x/article/details/79566283