Python打卡第五周

男娘i 2021-11-19 11:46 424阅读 0赞

## time模块 ##

>>> print(time.altzone())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
    >>> print(time.altzone)
    -32400
    >>> print(time.asctime())
    Tue May  7 16:59:41 2019
    >>> print(time.localtime())
    time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=17, tm_min=0, tm_sec=20, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=127, tm_isdst=0)
    >>> print(time.gmtime(time.time()-800000))
    time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=28, tm_hour=2, tm_min=47, tm_sec=30, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=118, tm_isdst=0)
    >>> print(time.ctime())
    Tue May  7 17:01:29 2019
    >>> string_2_struct = time.strptime("2019/05/07","%Y/%m/%d")
    >>> print(string_2_struct)
    time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=127, tm_isdst=-1)
    >>> struct_2_stamp = time.mktime(string_2_struct)
    >>> print(struct_2_stamp)
    1557158400.0
    >>> print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640))
    time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=6, tm_hour=9, tm_min=35, tm_sec=13, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=126, tm_isdst=0)
    >>> print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()))
    2019-05-07 09:40:16

## datetime模块（时间加减） ##

>>> import datetime
    >>> print(datetime.datetime.now())
    2019-05-07 17:43:05.423388
    >>> print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()))
    2019-05-07
    >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(3))
    2019-05-10 17:44:42.488463
    >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(-3))
    2019-05-04 17:44:57.456037
    >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(hours=3))
    2019-05-07 20:45:08.262508
    >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(minutes=30))
    2019-05-07 18:15:21.419263
    >>> c_time = datetime.datetime.now()
    >>> print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2) )
    2019-05-07 02:03:35.778493

Commonly used format codes:
    
            %Y  Year with century as a decimal number.
            %m  Month as a decimal number [01,12].
            %d  Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
            %H  Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
            %M  Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
            %S  Second as a decimal number [00,61].
            %z  Time zone offset from UTC.
            %a  Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
            %A  Locale's full weekday name.
            %b  Locale's abbreviated month name.
            %B  Locale's full month name.
            %c  Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
            %I  Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
            %p  Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.

## random模块 ##

>>> import random
    >>> print(random.random())#随机一个0-1之间的数
    0.37793433766068685
    >>> print(random.randint(1,2))#[1,2)
    1
    >>> print(random.randrange(1,10))#[1,10)
    7

## os模块 ##

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
    os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd
    os.curdir  返回当前目录: ('.')
    os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')
    os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多层递归目录
    os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推
    os.mkdir('dirname')    生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
    os.rmdir('dirname')    删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
    os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
    os.remove()  删除一个文件
    os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
    os.stat('path/filename')  获取文件/目录信息
    os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
    os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
    os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
    os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
    os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令，直接显示
    os.environ  获取系统环境变量
    os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
    os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
    os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
    os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
    os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False
    os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径，返回True
    os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False
    os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False
    os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
    os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
    os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

## sys模块 ##

sys.argv           #命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
    sys.exit(n)        #退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
    sys.version        #获取Python解释程序的版本信息
    sys.path           #返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
    sys.platform      # 返回操作系统平台名称
    sys.stdout.write('please:')
    val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] #返回值为-1

## shutil模块 ##

import shutil
    
    f1 = open("本节笔记.txt",encoding="utf-8")
    
    f2 = open("笔记2","w",encoding="utf-8")
    
    shutil.copyfileobj(f1,f2)  #将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
    
    shutil.copyfile("笔记2","笔记3")  #拷贝文件
    
    shutil.copystat("本节笔记.txt","笔记3")#修改时间跟访问时间被修改
    
    shutil.copytree("test4","new_test4")#递归复制
    shutil.rmtree("new_test4")#递归删除
    
    shutil.make_archive("shutil_test","zip","E:\All Day\Day5")  #将当前文件夹添加到压缩包内

## zipfile模块 ##

#压缩
    
    import zipfile#单独一个一个的压。用这个好使
    z = zipfile.ZipFile("Day5.zip","w")
    z.write("本节笔记.txt")
    print("------")
    z.write("p_test.py")
    z.close()
    
    
    #解压
    
    z = zipfile.ZipFile('Day5.zip', 'r')
    z.extractall()
    z.close()

## shelve模块 ##

import shelve
    import datetime
    d = shelve.open("shelve_test")
    
    name = ["louis","rain","test"]
    
    info = {
         'age':18,"name":'louis'}
    
    d["name"] = name#持久化列表
    d["info"] = info#持久dict
    d['data'] = datetime.datetime.now()
    
    print(d.get("name"))
    print(d.get("info"))
    print(d.get("date"))
    
    d.close()

## xml处理模块 ##

xml的格式

<?xml version="1.0"?>
    <data>
        <country name="Liechtenstein">
            <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
            <year>2008</year>
            <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
            <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
            <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
        </country>
        <country name="Singapore">
            <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
            <year>2011</year>
            <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
            <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
        </country>
        <country name="Panama">
            <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
            <year>2011</year>
            <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
            <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
            <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
        </country>
    </data>

通过Python进行处理xml

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
    
    tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
    root = tree.getroot()
    # print(root)
    print(root.tag)  #tag是标签名字
    
    # 遍历xml文档
    for child in root:
        print(child.tag, child.attrib)
        for i in child:
            print(i.tag, i.text , i.attrib) #标签，文本，属性
    
    # # 只遍历year 节点
    for node in root.iter('year'):
        print(node.tag, node.text)

通过Python修改xml

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
    
    tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
    root = tree.getroot()
    
    # 修改
    # for node in root.iter('year'):
    #     new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    #     node.text = str(new_year)
    #     node.set("updated_by", "louis")
    
    tree.write("xmltest.xml")
    
    # 删除node
    for country in root.findall('country'):
        rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
        if rank > 50:
            root.remove(country)
    
    tree.write('output.xml')

xml的创建

mport xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
    
    new_xml = ET.Element("personinfolist")
    personinfo = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "personinfo", attrib={
         "enrolled": "yes"})
    age = ET.SubElement(personinfo, "age", attrib={
         "checked": "no"})
    name = ET.SubElement(personinfo, "name")
    name.text = "louis"
    
    sex = ET.SubElement(personinfo, "sex")
    sex.text = "man"
    age.text = '18'
    personinfo2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "personinfo", attrib={
         "enrolled": "no"})
    age = ET.SubElement(personinfo2, "age")
    name = ET.SubElement(personinfo2, "name")
    name.text = "Jack"
    age.text = '33'
    
    et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml)  # 生成文档对象
    et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
    
    ET.dump(new_xml)  # 打印生成的格式

## ConfigParser模块 ##

import configparser #ConfigParser
    
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config["DEFAULT"] = {
         'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
                         'Compression': 'yes',
                         'CompressionLevel': '9'}
    
    config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
    config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
    config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
    topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
    topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022'  # mutates the parser
    topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no'  # same here
    config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
    with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
        config.write(configfile)

运行结果

[DEFAULT]
    serveraliveinterval = 45
    compression = yes
    compressionlevel = 9
    forwardx11 = yes
    
    [bitbucket.org]
    user = hg
    
    [topsecret.server.com]
    host port = 50022
    forwardx11 = no

读configparser文件

import configparser
    
    conf = configparser.ConfigParser()
    
    conf.read("example.ini")
    
    # print(conf.sections())
    print(conf.defaults())
    
    print(conf['bitbucket.org']['user'])
    
    sec = conf.remove_section('bitbucket.org')
    conf.write(open('exmple2.cfg',"w"))

## hashlib模块 ##

import hashlib
     
    m = hashlib.md5()
    m.update(b"Hello")
    m.update(b"It's me")
    print(m.hexdigest())  #两句等于“HelloIt's me”
    # ######## md5 ########
     
    hash = hashlib.md5()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
     
    # ######## sha1 ########
     
    hash = hashlib.sha1()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
     
    # ######## sha256 ########
     
    hash = hashlib.sha256()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
     
     
    # ######## sha384 ########
     
    hash = hashlib.sha384()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
     
    # ######## sha512 ########
     
    hash = hashlib.sha512()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())

## hmac模块 ##

import hmac
    
    h = hmac.new("天王盖地虎".encode(encoding="utf-8"),"宝塔镇河妖".encode(encoding="utf-8"))
    print(h.hexdigest())

## re模块 ##

常用正则表达式

'.'     默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符，若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符，包括换行
    '^'     匹配字符开头，若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)
    '$'     匹配字符结尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以
    '*'     匹配*号前的字符0次或多次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac")  结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a']
    '+'     匹配前一个字符1次或多次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb']
    '?'     匹配前一个字符1次或0次
    '{m}'   匹配前一个字符m次
    '{n,m}' 匹配前一个字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']
    '|'     匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果'ABC'
    '(...)' 分组匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c
     
     
    '\A'    只从字符开头匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的
    '\Z'    匹配字符结尾，同$
    '\d'    匹配数字0-9
    '\D'    匹配非数字
    '\w'    匹配[A-Za-z0-9]
    '\W'    匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]
    's'     匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 '\t'
     
    '(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{
         'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}

常用的匹配语法

re.match 从头开始匹配
    re.search 匹配包含
    re.findall 把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回
    re.splitall 以匹配到的字符当做列表分隔符
    re.sub      匹配字符并替换

匹配模式

re.I(re.IGNORECASE): 忽略大小写（括号内是完整写法，下同）
    M(MULTILINE): 多行模式，改变'^'和'$'的行为（参见上图）
    S(DOTALL): 点任意匹配模式，改变'.'的行为

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/yuanjun93/p/10828053.html